Avidity of vaccine-induced influenza IgG fails to increase in fingolimod-treated patients with MS.

Fingolimod—an efficacious compound for the treatment of relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS)—functionally antagonizes the S1P receptor.[1-3] This antagonism inhibits egress of T cells from secondary lymphoid tissues,[2] affects B cell migration, and functionally affects germinal center reactions.[4]

Although vaccine-specific antibodies can be induced in patients with MS under fingolimod therapy,[5] the magnitude of such responses is reduced.[6] It is unknown whether the quality of a vaccine-specific response, reflected for example in the avidity of induced antibodies, is affected by fingolimod.

Here, in a prospective open-label study that was approved by the institutional review board, we assessed the avidity of the immunoglobulin (Ig) G response targeting influenza A and B before and after influenza vaccination. Avidity was compared between patients with MS treated with fingolimod and interferon-β (IFN-β), as well as in a group of healthy controls (HC). All study participants gave written informed consent before entering the study. Patients had to fulfill the following inclusion criteria: definite relapsing MS, treatment with fingolimod (0.5 mg/day) or with IFN-β, and age ≥18 and ≤65 years. HC had to fulfill the following inclusion criteria: absence of apparent acute or chronic disease and age ≥18 and ≤65 years. Exclusion criteria for all study participants were known hypersensitivity to influenza vaccine, influenza vaccination during the 180 days before entering the study, therapy with Igs or blood products during the 90 days before entering the study, treatment with steroids or immunomodulators (other than IFN-β or fingolimod), and pregnancy. The primary research question was assessment of a vaccine-induced increase in the avidity of anti-influenza antibodies following influenza vaccination.

Characteristics of the study population were as follows. Patients treated with fingolimod: n = 10 (6 female/4 male), mean age 44.7 years, mean disease duration 11.2 years, mean Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score 2.6, mean duration of fingolimod treatment 2.9 years. Patients treated with IFN-β: n = 10 (8 female/2 male), mean age 40.8 years, mean disease duration 5.9 years, mean EDSS score 2.0, mean duration of IFN-β treatment 3.6 years. HC: n = 15 (7 female/8 male), mean age 36.1 years. Blood samples were obtained before vaccination and 7, 14, and 28 days after vaccination (Mutagrip; Sanofi Pasteur SA, Lyon, France; year adjusted for 2009/2010).

The avidity of influenza-specific antibodies was determined by comparing binding of influenza-specific IgG in buffered saline vs binding after incubation in 6 M urea (10 minutes) using a quantitative ELISA system, as previously described (Genzyme Virotech, Ruesselsheim, Germany).[5,7] Thus, obtained avidity index data were distributed normally (Shapiro–Wilk test) and statistically analyzed by 2-sided Student t test. p values <0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Prior to vaccination, avidity of IgG specific for influenza A and B was similar in all study groups (figure, A and B). Following vaccination, the avidity of IgG targeting influenza A and B significantly and similarly increased in patients treated with IFN-β and in HC (figure, A and B). In contrast, among individuals treated with fingolimod, no significant vaccine-induced increase in the avidity of influenza-specific IgG, against both type A and B, was detected (figure, A and B). Vaccination was tolerated comparably well in all study groups.

Figure

Avidity of IgG specific for influenza A and B following flu vaccination

Avidity of immunoglobulin (Ig) G specific for influenza A and B before and after influenza vaccination in healthy controls (HC) and in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) treated with interferon-β (IFN-β) and fingolimod. (A) Avidity index of anti-influenza A IgG before and 7, 14, and 28 days after vaccination. (B) Avidity index of anti-influenza B IgG before and 7, 14, and 28 days after vaccination. Mean data are shown; error bars indicate the standard error of the mean.

These data demonstrate that patients with MS treated with fingolimod significantly differ from HC and patients with MS treated with IFN-β in that they fail to increase avidity of influenza-specific IgG following vaccination. Our study thus captures for the first time a qualitative difference of an antibody response among individuals treated with fingolimod. This is particularly interesting because the concentration of anti-influenza antibodies induced by vaccination does not necessarily differ in patients with MS treated with fingolimod compared to HC.[5] Limitations of our study are that the vaccination model we used does not reflect the complexity of a real-world infection and that our cohorts were not tightly matched for age. Also, our observation remains associative, and the study was neither powered nor intended to assess clinical endpoints in relation to avidity of vaccine-specific antibody responses. Irrespective of these limitations, however, the data firmly indicate that so-called protective antibody titers—a measure that lacks the dimension of quality—should be interpreted with extra care in patients with MS treated with fingolimod. Although antibody avidity has not been directly linked to protective immunity in humans yet, data from human antibody adoptive transfer animal models indicate that increased avidity of vaccine-induced antibodies correlates with protective immunity.[8,9] Thus, our data may help to explain the increased rate of lower respiratory tract infections observed in patients with MS treated with fingolimod. Maintaining a high level of vigilance for clinically relevant infection despite vaccination thus seems indicated when caring for patients treated with fingolimod. This study provides Class III evidence that patients with MS taking fingolimod did not significantly increase the avidity of the IgG antibody response targeting influenza following influenza vaccination.