Determination of SUMO1 and ATP affinity for the SUMO E1by quantitative FRET technology.

SUMOylation plays important roles in many key physiological and pathological processes. The SUMOylation cascade involves a heterodimer of activating enzyme, E1 (Aos1/Uba2); a conjugating enzyme, E2 (Ubc9); and many ligase enzymes, E3. Focusing on the activation step of the SUMOylation process, we examined the interaction of E1 with its substrates. Previous studies reported the Km of E1 enzymes in ubiquitin and other ubiquitin-like pathways, but the Km of the SUMO paralogs (SUMO2 and SUMO3) is unknown. Here, by using quantitative FRET to measure the SUMO E1 enzyme kinetics of SUMO1, 2, and 3 and ATP under steady state conditions, we found that the enzyme kinetics from the quantitative FRET method are comparable to those from conventional radioactive assays. Additionally, the kinetic constants, Km , of SUMO2 (3.418 ± 0.9131 μM) and SUMO3 (2.764 ± 0.75 μM) [FW1] are approximately four to five times higher than that of SUMO1 Km (0.7458 ± 0.1105 μM). These results demonstrate the advantages of FRET technology for determining Km , including the ability to monitor reaction progress in real-time with high-throughput and high-sensitivity in an environmentally friendly manner. The processes discussed here extend the utility of quantitative FRET in characterizing protein-protein interactions and enzyme kinetics.