Robert Sturm1. 1. Brunnleitenweg 41, A-5061 Elsbethen, Salzburg, Austria.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: In the past decades, aerosol bolus inhalation increasingly came into the focus of medical interest due to its potential as a non-invasive technique for the diagnosis of lung diseases. The experimental studies were accompanied by the development of theoretical contributions dealing with aerosol bolus behaviour in healthy and diseased lungs. In this study, bolus dispersion in healthy and asthmatic children is subject to a theoretical approach. Model predictions are validated with related experimental findings. METHODS: Aerosol bolus transport was simulated by using (I) a stochastic model of the human respiratory tract; (II) appropriate scaling procedures for the generation of healthy and asthmatic lungs of children; and (III) the concept of effective diffusivities (Deff) for the prediction of convective mixing processes in the conducting airways and alveoli. The aerosol injected into the inhalative air stream consisted of monodisperse particles with a diameter of 0.4 µm (ρ =1 g∙cm(-3)). Volumetric lung depth, being a measure for the position of the aerosol bolus within the inspired air stream, was varied from 95 mL (shallow bolus) to 540 mL (deep bolus). Half-width of the inhaled bolus was set to 50 mL. RESULTS: According to the predictions provided by the model, dispersion of the exhaled aerosol bolus increases exponentially with volumetric lung depth in both asthmatic children and healthy controls. Asthmatics tend to develop higher bolus dispersion than healthy subjects, with significant differences between the two groups being noticeable at low volumetric lung depths (<300 mL). Skewness decreases with increasing volumetric lung depth, whereby respective values calculated for asthmatics exceed those values computed for healthy subjects. Theoretical results correspond very well with experimental findings. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Results of experimental bolus studies may be approximated by theoretical models with high accuracy. Model predictions confirm the assumption that inhalation of aerosol boluses and dispersion measurements have only a limited diagnostic potential.
INTRODUCTION: In the past decades, aerosol bolus inhalation increasingly came into the focus of medical interest due to its potential as a non-invasive technique for the diagnosis of lung diseases. The experimental studies were accompanied by the development of theoretical contributions dealing with aerosol bolus behaviour in healthy and diseased lungs. In this study, bolus dispersion in healthy and asthmatic children is subject to a theoretical approach. Model predictions are validated with related experimental findings. METHODS: Aerosol bolus transport was simulated by using (I) a stochastic model of the human respiratory tract; (II) appropriate scaling procedures for the generation of healthy and asthmatic lungs of children; and (III) the concept of effective diffusivities (Deff) for the prediction of convective mixing processes in the conducting airways and alveoli. The aerosol injected into the inhalative air stream consisted of monodisperse particles with a diameter of 0.4 µm (ρ =1 g∙cm(-3)). Volumetric lung depth, being a measure for the position of the aerosol bolus within the inspired air stream, was varied from 95 mL (shallow bolus) to 540 mL (deep bolus). Half-width of the inhaled bolus was set to 50 mL. RESULTS: According to the predictions provided by the model, dispersion of the exhaled aerosol bolus increases exponentially with volumetric lung depth in both asthmatic children and healthy controls. Asthmatics tend to develop higher bolus dispersion than healthy subjects, with significant differences between the two groups being noticeable at low volumetric lung depths (<300 mL). Skewness decreases with increasing volumetric lung depth, whereby respective values calculated for asthmatics exceed those values computed for healthy subjects. Theoretical results correspond very well with experimental findings. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Results of experimental bolus studies may be approximated by theoretical models with high accuracy. Model predictions confirm the assumption that inhalation of aerosol boluses and dispersion measurements have only a limited diagnostic potential.