Stig Tore Bogstrand1, Gudrun Høiseth2, Ingeborg Rossow3, Per Trygve Normann2, Oivind Ekeberg4. 1. Division of Forensic Medicine and Drug Abuse Research, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404, Nydalen, Oslo N-0403, Norway Emergency Department, Division of Emergencies and Critical Care, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevaal, PO Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway Lovisenberg University College, Lovisenberggt. 15b, 0456 Oslo, Norway stigtore.bogstrand@fhi.no. 2. Division of Forensic Medicine and Drug Abuse Research, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404, Nydalen, Oslo N-0403, Norway. 3. Norwegian Institute for Alcohol and Drug Research, PO Box 565 Sentrum, N-0105 Oslo, Norway. 4. Department of Acute Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Ullevaal, PO Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway Department of Behavioural Sciences in Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Abstract
AIMS: Presence of EtG or EtS among patients injured when driving or at work may indicate that very low BAC or residual effects of alcohol at the time of the accident may be associated with increased accident risk. The aim of this study was to assess: whether the alcohol metabolites EtG and EtS were present in a sample of patients injured when driving or injured at work, even if their blood alcohol concentration was negative; and, if EtG and EtS were present, what characterized these patients. METHODS: Blood samples from patients admitted for treatment of injuries at a Norwegian emergency department were tested for alcohol, EtG and EtS. All samples were also analysed for medicinal and illicit psychoactive substances. RESULTS: One hundred and ninety-two injured patients who were admitted <12 h after injury were included in the study. EtG or EtS were the most prevalent substances in the sample (17%), and a substantial proportion of the patients who tested negative for all other substances tested positive for EtG or EtS (8%). These patients were older than the rest of the sample and drank alcohol more often, according to their self-report. CONCLUSION: EtG and EtS were prevalent among patients injured when driving or injured at work, including patients negative for all other substances. EtG and EtS should be included in future case-control studies of psychoactive substance use among injured patients to investigate the possible association between residual alcohol effects and injuries.
AIMS: Presence of EtG or EtS among patients injured when driving or at work may indicate that very low BAC or residual effects of alcohol at the time of the accident may be associated with increased accident risk. The aim of this study was to assess: whether the alcohol metabolites EtG and EtS were present in a sample of patients injured when driving or injured at work, even if their blood alcohol concentration was negative; and, if EtG and EtS were present, what characterized these patients. METHODS: Blood samples from patients admitted for treatment of injuries at a Norwegian emergency department were tested for alcohol, EtG and EtS. All samples were also analysed for medicinal and illicit psychoactive substances. RESULTS: One hundred and ninety-two injured patients who were admitted <12 h after injury were included in the study. EtG or EtS were the most prevalent substances in the sample (17%), and a substantial proportion of the patients who tested negative for all other substances tested positive for EtG or EtS (8%). These patients were older than the rest of the sample and drank alcohol more often, according to their self-report. CONCLUSION:EtG and EtS were prevalent among patients injured when driving or injured at work, including patients negative for all other substances. EtG and EtS should be included in future case-control studies of psychoactive substance use among injured patients to investigate the possible association between residual alcohol effects and injuries.
Authors: Marlou Mackus; Aurora J A E van de Loo; S Jorinde Raasveld; Anna Hogewoning; Javier Sastre Toraño; Frits M Flesch; Gerdien A H Korte-Bouws; Renier H P van Neer; Xiaochun Wang; Thomas T Nguyen; Karel A Brookhuis; Aletta D Kraneveld; Johan Garssen; Joris C Verster Journal: Hum Psychopharmacol Date: 2017-07-06 Impact factor: 1.672
Authors: Majid Afshar; Kenneth Baker; Josefine Corral; Erin Ross; Erin Lowery; Richard Gonzalez; Ellen L Burnham; Rachael A Callcut; Lucy Z Kornblith; Carolyn Hendrickson; Elizabeth J Kovacs; Cara Joyce Journal: Ann Surg Date: 2021-03-10 Impact factor: 13.787
Authors: Giampiero Ferraguti; Sergio Terracina; Carla Petrella; Antonio Greco; Antonio Minni; Marco Lucarelli; Enzo Agostinelli; Massimo Ralli; Marco de Vincentiis; Giammarco Raponi; Antonella Polimeni; Mauro Ceccanti; Brunella Caronti; Maria Grazia Di Certo; Christian Barbato; Alessandro Mattia; Luigi Tarani; Marco Fiore Journal: Antioxidants (Basel) Date: 2022-01-11