Melanie P Chin1, Danielle Wrolstad2, George L Bakris3, Glenn M Chertow4, Dick de Zeeuw5, Angie Goldsberry1, Peter G Linde6, Peter A McCullough7, John J McMurray8, Janet Wittes2, Colin J Meyer9. 1. Reata Pharmaceuticals, Irving, Texas. 2. Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC. 3. University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois. 4. Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California. 5. Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Groningen University Medical Center, Groningen, the Netherlands. 6. Abbvie Pharmaceuticals, Chicago, Illinois. 7. Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Baylor Jack and Jane Hamilton Heart and Vascular Hospital, Heart Hospital, Plano, Texas. 8. BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom. 9. Reata Pharmaceuticals, Irving, Texas. Electronic address: colin.meyer@reatapharma.com.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: A phase 3 randomized clinical trial was designed to test whether bardoxolone methyl, a nuclear factorerythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activator, slows progression to end-stage renal disease in patients with stage 4 chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The trial was terminated because of an increase in heart failure in the bardoxolone methyl group; many of the events were clinically associated with fluid retention. METHODS AND RESULTS: We randomized 2,185 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and stage 4 chronic kidney disease (CKD) (estimated glomerular filtration rate 15 to <30 mL min(-1) 1.73 m(-2)) to once-daily bardoxolone methyl (20 mg) or placebo. We used classification and regression tree analysis to identify baseline factors predictive of heart failure or fluid overload events. Elevated baseline B-type natriuretic peptide and previous hospitalization for heart failure were identified as predictors of heart failure events; bardoxolone methyl increased the risk of heart failure by 60% in patients with these risk factors. For patients without these baseline characteristics, the risk for heart failure events among bardoxolone methyl- and placebo-treated patients was similar (2%). The same risk factors were also identified as predictors of fluid overload and appeared to be related to other serious adverse events. CONCLUSIONS:Bardoxolone methyl contributed to events related to heart failure and/or fluid overload in a subpopulation of susceptible patients with an increased risk for heart failure at baseline. Careful selection of participants and vigilant monitoring of the study drug will be required in any future trials of bardoxolone methyl to mitigate the risk of heart failure and other serious adverse events.
RCT Entities:
BACKGROUND: A phase 3 randomized clinical trial was designed to test whether bardoxolone methyl, a nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activator, slows progression to end-stage renal disease in patients with stage 4 chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The trial was terminated because of an increase in heart failure in the bardoxolone methyl group; many of the events were clinically associated with fluid retention. METHODS AND RESULTS: We randomized 2,185 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and stage 4 chronic kidney disease (CKD) (estimated glomerular filtration rate 15 to <30 mL min(-1) 1.73 m(-2)) to once-daily bardoxolone methyl (20 mg) or placebo. We used classification and regression tree analysis to identify baseline factors predictive of heart failure or fluid overload events. Elevated baseline B-type natriuretic peptide and previous hospitalization for heart failure were identified as predictors of heart failure events; bardoxolone methyl increased the risk of heart failure by 60% in patients with these risk factors. For patients without these baseline characteristics, the risk for heart failure events among bardoxolone methyl- and placebo-treated patients was similar (2%). The same risk factors were also identified as predictors of fluid overload and appeared to be related to other serious adverse events. CONCLUSIONS:Bardoxolone methyl contributed to events related to heart failure and/or fluid overload in a subpopulation of susceptible patients with an increased risk for heart failure at baseline. Careful selection of participants and vigilant monitoring of the study drug will be required in any future trials of bardoxolone methyl to mitigate the risk of heart failure and other serious adverse events.
Authors: Melanie P Chin; George L Bakris; Geoffrey A Block; Glenn M Chertow; Angie Goldsberry; Lesley A Inker; Hiddo J L Heerspink; Megan O'Grady; Pablo E Pergola; Christoph Wanner; David G Warnock; Colin J Meyer Journal: Am J Nephrol Date: 2018-01-18 Impact factor: 3.754
Authors: Dana V Rizk; Arnold L Silva; Pablo E Pergola; Robert Toto; David G Warnock; Melanie P Chin; Angie Goldsberry; Megan O'Grady; Colin J Meyer; Peter A McCullough Journal: Cardiorenal Med Date: 2019-06-06 Impact factor: 2.041