Roshan Chudal1, Alan S Brown2, Mika Gissler3, Auli Suominen4, Andre Sourander5. 1. Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland. Electronic address: roschu@utu.fi. 2. Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, USA. 3. Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Nordic School of Public Health, Gothenburg, Sweden; National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland. 4. Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland. 5. Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, USA; Department of Child Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, University of Tromsø, Tromso, Norway.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Prenatal smoking exposure affects fetal growth and development and is associated with increased risk of various neurodevelopmental disorders. Only one previous study has examined the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and the risk of bipolar disorder (BPD). METHODS: In this nested case control study derived from all singleton live births in Finland between January 1st 1987 and December 31st 1998, we identified 724 children diagnosed and/or treated with BPD until 2008 and 1419 matched controls from four nationwide registers. Conditional logistic regression was used to examine the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and BPD adjusting for potential confounding due to parental psychiatric history, maternal age and education level. RESULTS: 18.5% of offspring were exposed to maternal smoking during pregnancy. In the unadjusted analysis, smoking during pregnancy was associated with a 1.41-fold (95% CI 1.12-1.79, P=0.004) increased risk of BPD. In the final model adjusting for potential covariates, the risk was 1.14-fold (95% CI 0.88-1.49, P=0.323). LIMITATIONS: The limitations of this study include: hospital based clinical diagnosis for case ascertainment, inclusion of early onset BPD cases, and lack of information on alcohol or other substance abuse during pregnancy. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that, in this sample, an increased risk of BPD among offspring of mothers who smoked during pregnancy is most likely due to confounding by familial background factors. Future studies including information on serological measures of smoking exposure in pregnancy e.g. cotinine are warranted to further clarify this association.
BACKGROUND: Prenatal smoking exposure affects fetal growth and development and is associated with increased risk of various neurodevelopmental disorders. Only one previous study has examined the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and the risk of bipolar disorder (BPD). METHODS: In this nested case control study derived from all singleton live births in Finland between January 1st 1987 and December 31st 1998, we identified 724 children diagnosed and/or treated with BPD until 2008 and 1419 matched controls from four nationwide registers. Conditional logistic regression was used to examine the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and BPD adjusting for potential confounding due to parental psychiatric history, maternal age and education level. RESULTS: 18.5% of offspring were exposed to maternal smoking during pregnancy. In the unadjusted analysis, smoking during pregnancy was associated with a 1.41-fold (95% CI 1.12-1.79, P=0.004) increased risk of BPD. In the final model adjusting for potential covariates, the risk was 1.14-fold (95% CI 0.88-1.49, P=0.323). LIMITATIONS: The limitations of this study include: hospital based clinical diagnosis for case ascertainment, inclusion of early onset BPD cases, and lack of information on alcohol or other substance abuse during pregnancy. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that, in this sample, an increased risk of BPD among offspring of mothers who smoked during pregnancy is most likely due to confounding by familial background factors. Future studies including information on serological measures of smoking exposure in pregnancy e.g. cotinine are warranted to further clarify this association.
Authors: Jonna Perälä; Jaana Suvisaari; Samuli I Saarni; Kimmo Kuoppasalmi; Erkki Isometsä; Sami Pirkola; Timo Partonen; Annamari Tuulio-Henriksson; Jukka Hintikka; Tuula Kieseppä; Tommi Härkänen; Seppo Koskinen; Jouko Lönnqvist Journal: Arch Gen Psychiatry Date: 2007-01
Authors: Emma M Frans; Sven Sandin; Abraham Reichenberg; Paul Lichtenstein; Niklas Långström; Christina M Hultman Journal: Arch Gen Psychiatry Date: 2008-09
Authors: Patrick D Quinn; Martin E Rickert; Caroline E Weibull; Anna L V Johansson; Paul Lichtenstein; Catarina Almqvist; Henrik Larsson; Anastasia N Iliadou; Brian M D'Onofrio Journal: JAMA Psychiatry Date: 2017-06-01 Impact factor: 21.596