Cancer-related inflammation and treatment effectiveness.

Inflammation is a recognised hallmark of cancer that substantially contributes to the development and progression of malignancies. In established cancers, there is increasing evidence for the roles that local immune response and systemic inflammation have in progression of tumours and survival of patients with cancer. This knowledge provides an opportunity to target these inflammatory responses to improve patient outcomes. In this Review, we examine the complex interplay between local immune responses and systemic inflammation, and their influence on clinical outcomes, and propose potential anti-inflammatory interventions for patients with cancer.