Vascular access cannulation practices and outcomes.

Vascular access cannulation practices such as the dialysis prescription for blood pump flow and dialysis duration vary significantly among countries. Choice of needle gauge and cannulation practice with the needle in terms of direction relative to the flow stream and rotation after insertion are dictated in part by practicalities but appear to be mostly the result of 'cultural' practices within dialysis centers. Prospective studies of cannulation are needed to improve access outcomes.