IMPORTANCE: The standard recommended dose (0.1 U/kg per hour) of insulin in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) guidelines is not backed by strong clinical evidence. Physiologic dose-effect studies have found that even lower doses could adequately normalize ketonemia and acidosis. Lowering the insulin dose may be advantageous in the initial hours of therapy when a gradual decrease in glucose, electrolytes, and resultant osmolality is desired. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy and safety of low-dose insulin against the standard dose in children with DKA. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This was a prospective, open-label randomized clinical trial conducted in the pediatric emergency department and intensive care unit of a tertiary care teaching hospital in northern India from November 1, 2011, through December 31, 2012. A total of 50 consecutive children 12 years or younger with a diagnosis of DKA were randomized to low-dose (n = 25) and standard-dose (n = 25) groups. INTERVENTIONS: Low-dose (0.05 U/kg per hour) vs standard-dose (0.1 U/kg per hour) insulin infusion. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcome was the rate of decrease in blood glucose until a level of 250 mg/dL or less is reached (to convert to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0555). The secondary outcomes included time to resolution of acidosis, episodes of treatment failures, and incidences of hypokalemia and hypoglycemia. RESULTS: The mean (SD) rate of blood glucose decrease until a level of 250 mg/dL or less is reached (45.1 [17.6] vs 52.2 [23.4] mg/dL/h) and the mean (SD) time taken to achieve this target (6.0 [3.3] vs 6.2 [2.2] hours) were similar in the low- and standard-dose groups, respectively. Mean (SD) length of time to achieve resolution of acidosis (low vs standard dose: 16.5 [7.2] vs 17.2 [7.7] hours; P = .73) and rate of resolution of acidosis were also similar in the groups. Hypokalemia was seen in 12 children (48%) receiving the standard dose vs 5 (20%) of those receiving the low dose (P = .07); the tendency was more pronounced in malnourished children (7 [88%] vs 2 [28%]). Five children (20%) and 1 child (4%) receiving standard- and low-dose infusion (P = .17), respectively, developed hypoglycemia. Treatment failure was rare and comparable. One child in the standard-dose group developed cerebral edema, and no deaths occurred during the study period. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Low dose is noninferior to standard dose with respect to rate of blood glucose decrease and resolution of acidosis. We advocate a superiority trial with a larger sample size before 0.05 U/kg per hour replaces 0.1 U/kg per hour in the practice recommendations. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ctri.nic.in Identifier: CTRI/2012/04/002548.
RCT Entities:
IMPORTANCE: The standard recommended dose (0.1 U/kg per hour) of insulin in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) guidelines is not backed by strong clinical evidence. Physiologic dose-effect studies have found that even lower doses could adequately normalize ketonemia and acidosis. Lowering the insulin dose may be advantageous in the initial hours of therapy when a gradual decrease in glucose, electrolytes, and resultant osmolality is desired. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy and safety of low-dose insulin against the standard dose in children with DKA. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This was a prospective, open-label randomized clinical trial conducted in the pediatric emergency department and intensive care unit of a tertiary care teaching hospital in northern India from November 1, 2011, through December 31, 2012. A total of 50 consecutive children 12 years or younger with a diagnosis of DKA were randomized to low-dose (n = 25) and standard-dose (n = 25) groups. INTERVENTIONS: Low-dose (0.05 U/kg per hour) vs standard-dose (0.1 U/kg per hour) insulin infusion. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcome was the rate of decrease in blood glucose until a level of 250 mg/dL or less is reached (to convert to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0555). The secondary outcomes included time to resolution of acidosis, episodes of treatment failures, and incidences of hypokalemia and hypoglycemia. RESULTS: The mean (SD) rate of blood glucose decrease until a level of 250 mg/dL or less is reached (45.1 [17.6] vs 52.2 [23.4] mg/dL/h) and the mean (SD) time taken to achieve this target (6.0 [3.3] vs 6.2 [2.2] hours) were similar in the low- and standard-dose groups, respectively. Mean (SD) length of time to achieve resolution of acidosis (low vs standard dose: 16.5 [7.2] vs 17.2 [7.7] hours; P = .73) and rate of resolution of acidosis were also similar in the groups. Hypokalemia was seen in 12 children (48%) receiving the standard dose vs 5 (20%) of those receiving the low dose (P = .07); the tendency was more pronounced in malnourished children (7 [88%] vs 2 [28%]). Five children (20%) and 1 child (4%) receiving standard- and low-dose infusion (P = .17), respectively, developed hypoglycemia. Treatment failure was rare and comparable. One child in the standard-dose group developed cerebral edema, and no deaths occurred during the study period. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Low dose is noninferior to standard dose with respect to rate of blood glucose decrease and resolution of acidosis. We advocate a superiority trial with a larger sample size before 0.05 U/kg per hour replaces 0.1 U/kg per hour in the practice recommendations. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ctri.nic.in Identifier: CTRI/2012/04/002548.
Authors: V Sanoe Harrison; Stacy Rustico; Andrew A Palladino; Christine Ferrara; Colin Patrick Hawkes Journal: Pediatr Diabetes Date: 2016-11-03 Impact factor: 4.866
Authors: Tara T T Tran; Anthony Pease; Anna J Wood; Jeffrey D Zajac; Johan Mårtensson; Rinaldo Bellomo; Elif I I Ekinci Journal: Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) Date: 2017-06-13 Impact factor: 5.555
Authors: Stefano Zucchini; Andrea E Scaramuzza; Riccardo Bonfanti; Pietro Buono; Francesca Cardella; Vittoria Cauvin; Valentino Cherubini; Giovanni Chiari; Giuseppe d'Annunzio; Anna Paola Frongia; Dario Iafusco; Giulio Maltoni; Ippolita Patrizia Patera; Sonia Toni; Stefano Tumini; Ivana Rabbone Journal: J Diabetes Res Date: 2015-11-15 Impact factor: 4.011