Philip H Quanjer1, Masaru Kubota2, Hirosuke Kobayashi3, Hisamitsu Omori4, Koichiro Tatsumi5, Minoru Kanazawa6, Sanja Stanojevic7, Janet Stocks8, Tim J Cole9. 1. Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Department of Paediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Centre-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: pquanjer@gmail.com. 2. Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Kitasato University, Kanagawa, Japan. 3. Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, Kanagawa, Japan. 4. Department of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kuhonji, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto-shi, Kumamoto, Japan. 5. Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, Japan. 6. Department of Respiratory Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Morohongo, Moroyama, Iruma-gun, Saitama, Japan. 7. Division of Respiratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. 8. Respiratory, Critical Care, and Anaesthesia Section (Portex Unit), UCL Institute of Child Health, London, England. 9. Population, Policy and Practice Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, England.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Most but not all data from different ethnic groups fit the Global Lung Function Initiative (GLI) spirometric reference model. This study investigates to what extent discrepancies are caused by secular changes in body proportions. METHODS: FEV1 and FVC from 20,336 healthy Japanese subjects (13,492 women) aged 17 to 95 years were compared with GLI-2012 reference values for Europeans. Data on the sitting height/standing height ratio (Cormic index) in 17-year-old students, collected from 1949 to 2012 in successive birth cohorts, were used to assess secular changes in body frame. The cohort-specific Cormic index was used to assess how variation in body frame affected pulmonary function. RESULTS: FEV1 and FVC were lower than GLI-2012 reference values, with values progressively falling until age 35 to 40 years and then rising to European levels in the elderly. The Cormic index rose until 1942, then fell, with a nadir in the 1970s, before rising again until 1995. Nearly one-half of the spirometric variability from predicted values could be explained by differences in the Cormic index between birth cohorts. CONCLUSIONS: In low-income countries, improving health conditions are likely to drive increases in height and changes in relative leg length similar to those observed in Japan and, thus, to a change in body frame. This implies that height-based prediction equations for such populations will need to be periodically updated.
BACKGROUND: Most but not all data from different ethnic groups fit the Global Lung Function Initiative (GLI) spirometric reference model. This study investigates to what extent discrepancies are caused by secular changes in body proportions. METHODS: FEV1 and FVC from 20,336 healthy Japanese subjects (13,492 women) aged 17 to 95 years were compared with GLI-2012 reference values for Europeans. Data on the sitting height/standing height ratio (Cormic index) in 17-year-old students, collected from 1949 to 2012 in successive birth cohorts, were used to assess secular changes in body frame. The cohort-specific Cormic index was used to assess how variation in body frame affected pulmonary function. RESULTS: FEV1 and FVC were lower than GLI-2012 reference values, with values progressively falling until age 35 to 40 years and then rising to European levels in the elderly. The Cormic index rose until 1942, then fell, with a nadir in the 1970s, before rising again until 1995. Nearly one-half of the spirometric variability from predicted values could be explained by differences in the Cormic index between birth cohorts. CONCLUSIONS: In low-income countries, improving health conditions are likely to drive increases in height and changes in relative leg length similar to those observed in Japan and, thus, to a change in body frame. This implies that height-based prediction equations for such populations will need to be periodically updated.
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