Validation of reference genes for RT-qPCR analysis of CYP4T expression in crucian carp.

Reference genes are commonly used for normalization of target gene expression during RT-qPCR analysis. However, no housekeeping genes or reference genes have been identified to be stable across different tissue types or under different experimental conditions. To identify the most suitable reference genes for RT-qPCR analysis of target gene expression in the hepatopancreas of crucian carp (Carassius auratus) under various conditions (sex, age, water temperature, and drug treatments), seven reference genes, including beta actin (ACTB), beta-2 microglobulin (B2M), embryonic elongation factor-1 alpha (EEF1A), glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), alpha tubulin (TUBA), ribosomal protein l8 (RPL8) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), were evaluated in this study. The stability and ranking of gene expression were analyzed using three different statistical programs: GeNorm, Normfinder and Bestkeeper. The expression errors associated with selection of the genes were assessed by the relative quantity of CYP4T. The results indicated that all the seven genes exhibited variability under the experimental conditions of this research, and the combination of ACTB/TUBA/EEF1A or of ACTB/EEF1A was the best candidate that raised the accuracy of quantitative analysis of gene expression. The findings highlighted the importance of validation of housekeeping genes for research on gene expression under different conditions of experiment and species.

Introduction

Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) is sensitive, specific and easy to operate, and is not only preferred in quantitative gene studies, but is also considered to be a “gold standard” for validating new techniques on gene expression (Mackay, 2004; Rajeevan ; Fathallah-Shaykh, 2005; Park and Stegall, 2007). In order to improve the accuracy of RT-qPCR analysis, it is necessary to eliminate the variations in mRNA quality (Bustin, 2002; Imbeaud ) and reverse transcription efficiency (Lekanne Deprez ). Therefore, a normalization method is necessary to correct these errors. An internal reference gene or housekeeping gene is often used for this purpose. However, the expression of such genes frequently varies under different conditions, such as physiological state, tissue type, experimental treatments, and species differences (Ullmannova and Haskovec, 2003; Huggett ; Ho-pun-Cheung ; Infante ; Chechi ). Therefore, a stable reference gene is to be identified and validated so as to improve the accuracy and reliability of RT-qPCR test.

Beta actin (ACTB) is a reference gene frequently used in fish (Jorgensen ). Beta-2 microglobulin (B2MG), ribosomal protein l8 (RPL8), and embryonic elongation factor-1 alpha (EEF1A) have also been used as reference genes (Jorgensen ; McCurley and Callard, 2008; Filby and Tyler, 2007; Julin ) in other animals. Recently obtained data on fish species suggest, however, that these genes vary significantly with tissue types, life stages, or treatment paradigms (Filby and Tyler, 2007; Zhang and Hu, 2007; McCurley and Callard, 2008). To identify a relatively stable housekeeping gene, it is thus necessary to further test and compare these genes under different experimental conditions for mRNA analysis (Filby and Tyler, 2007; Tang ; Small ).

In this study, seven housekeeping genes which represented different functional classes and gene families, were used as candidates to normalize RT-qPCR data in crucian carp under different conditions (water temperature, age, sex and drug treatments). These are: ACTB, EEF1A, GAPDH, RPL8, TUBA (alpha tubulin), B2MG and G6PDH (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase). Three software packages, GeNorm (Vandesompele ), Bestkeeper (Pfaffl ) and NormFinder (Andersen ), were used to assess the stability of expression of the seven reference genes. CYP4T is a subfamily of the CYP450 superfamily involved in fatty acid metabolism and degradation of exogenous lipids (Hardwick, 2008). Studies on fish CYP4T are still rare to date, and only few published whole or partial CYP4T sequences are available for a small number of fish species. In this study, part of the crucian carp CYP4T sequence was amplified, and then CYP4T was used as a target gene to identify a stable reference gene for normalizing gene expression.

Methods

Drugs

Azithromycin (99%) and Nicotinic Norfloxacin (98%) were purchased from Zhejiang Guobang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Shangyu, Zhejiang, China), Ivermectin from Hebei Veyong Animal Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (96%, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China), Florfenicol from Zhejiang Runkang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (98%, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China), Hydrochloric Levamisole hydrochloride from Guilin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (99%, Guilin, Guangxi, China), Ceftriaxone from North China Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (98%, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China), and Rifampicin from Shijiazhuang Weierli Animals Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (99%, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China).

Lactobionic acid azithromycin, niconacid norfloxacin, levamisole hydrochloride and ceftriaxone sodium were dissolved in 0.9% NaCl to 100 mg/mL, 100 mg/mL, 40 mg/mL, 50 mg/mL, respectively. Ivermectin (0.1 mg/mL), florfenicol (40 mg/mL) and rifampicin (160 mg/mL) were dissolved in 0.9% NaCl. The three solutions contained 1% acetone, 5% polyethylene glycol 400 and 5% dimethyl sulfoxide, respectively.

Fish and treatment

Wild-type and cultured crucian carp, Carassius auratus, were obtained from Nanjing Fisheries Research Institute (Nanjing, Jiangsu, China). Forty crucian carp approximately one-year-old (51 ± 9.8 g) and 40 approximately two-year-old (123 ± 16.9 g) were divided into four groups (10 fish/group) each according to water temperature (16 °C and 26 °C), and sex. Each group was maintained in a 60 L tank containing dechlorinated tap water with a constant photoperiod of 12 h light: 12 h darkness for 14 days. Subsequently, nine fish were randomly taken from each group. A hepatopancreas sample was excised from each fish, flash frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at −80 °C until RNA extraction.

For experiments with different drugs, 80 adult (> two years post hatch) female crucian carp (151 ± 24.4 g) were randomly divided into eight groups (10 fish/group) and maintained in a 60 L tank containing dechlorinated tap water with a constant photoperiod of 12 h light: 12 h darkness at 25 ± 2 °C for 7 days prior to administration with different drugs for 7 days by intraperitoneal injection of lactobionic acid azithromycin [50 mg/kg body weight (BW)], ivermectin (0.05 mg/kg BW), florfenicol (20 mg/kg BW), niconacid norfloxacin (50 mg/kg BW), levamisole hydrochloride (20 mg/kg BW), ceftriaxone sodium (25 mg/kg BW), rifampicin (80 mg/kg BW, as a positive control) and physiological saline (0.5 mL/kg BW, as a negative control). Other conditions of feeding management and the sampling methods were the same as described in the above paragraph. The protocol was approved by the Committee on the Ethics of Animal Experiments of Nanjing Agricultural University. The protocol was granted by the Science and Technology Agency of Jiangsu Province (approval ID: SYXK (SU) 2010-0005).

RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis

Total RNA was isolated from tissue samples using TransZol reagent (TransGen Biotech, Beijing, China), according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Total RNA concentration and purity were analyzed in duplicate samples using a Nanodrop ND-2000 spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, MA, USA) for A260/A280 ratio verification, expected to range from 1.85 to 2.05. RNA integrity was estimated by electrophoresis on 1.5% agarose gels and stained with Goldview. cDNA was synthesized from the qualified RNA using an RT-PCR reverse transcription kit (TransGen Biotech, Beijing, China). One μg of total RNA was reverse transcribed into cDNA under the condition: 25 °C (10 min), 42 °C (30 min s), and 85 °C (5 min), as manufacturer’s recommendations. Then the cDNA was stored at −20 °C until use.

Primer design

Seven reference genes were selected in this study: ACTB, B2M, EEF1A, GAPDH, TUBA, RPL8 and G6PDH. The TUBA, G6PDH and the target gene CYP4T primers were designed by optimizing and cloning the conserved sequences published in Genbank (Table 1). After amplifying the fragments and genomic sequencing, primers for the RT-qPCR assays were designed. Primer 5.0 (PREMIER Biosoft International, Palo Alto, CA, USA) was used in the design, and primers are listed in Table 2.

Table 1

Primers for PCR analysis.

Gene	Accession No.	Primers (5′ → 3′)	Amplicon size bp
TUBA	Danio rerio NM_194388
	Anoplopoma fimbria BT082446
	Salmo salar BT045702.1	F: CCTTCAACACCTTCTTCAGTR:CAGAGGGAAGTGGATACGAG	665
G6PDH	Danio rerio XM_694076
	Oncorhynchus mykiss EF551311	F: TCARTGCATGAGCACCAAAGaR: GGACCACGRCTCCCGTATTa
	Rhabdosargus sarba AY754640
	Oryzias latipes AB111384		999
CYP4T	Danio rerio NM_199216
	Gobiocypris rarus EU593896	F: ACCTCCTGCACACTGGCTCTTR: GTTCACCAGGTGGCAGAGGT
	Dicentrarchus labrax AF045468		533

R = A/G, M = A/C, K = G/T.

Table 2

Primers for RT-qPCR analysis.

Gene	Accession No.	Primers (5′ → 3′)	Amplicon size bp
ACTB	Carassius auratus AB039726	F: ATGATGCCCCTCGTGCTGTT R: CCGTGCTCAATAGGATACTT	151
EEF1A	Carassius auratus AB056104	F: ATGGGCTGGTTCAAGGGATG R:GACGGCTGGGTGGCAAAATG	100
RPL8	Carassius auratus EU313780	F: GCAGCAGAAGGCATCCACAC R: CTCCTCCAGACAGCAGACAAT	123
TUBA	Carassius auratus JX967535	F: TGCCAACAACTACGCCCG R: AGAGGTGAAACCAGAGCC	157
B2MG	Carassius auratus AM690442	F: CCAGTCCCAAGATTCAGG R: ATGGCAGATTAGGGTGTT	71
G6PDH	Carassius auratus JX967536	F: AGAGGAAGGCAGAGGTGAGG R: TTCGTAGGCATCGGGCAG	224
GAPDH	Carassius auratus AM701793	F: ACTGGTATGGCATTCCGTGT R: GTCCTTGATGTCAGCGTAGC	97
CYP4T	Carassius auratus JX412927	F: TTTGAACATCCACCACCCAT R: AAGTAAGCCATCGCCTAACC	105

Quantitative real-time PCR

RT-qPCR assays were performed to evaluate gene expression profiles using an ABI PRISM® 7300 Sequence Detection System. Each assay was done in a final volume of 10 μL, consisting of 5 μL 2x SYBR Green Master Mix (TOYOBO, Shanghai, China), 1 μL SYBR Green Plus buffer, 1 μL diluted cDNA template, 400 nM each primer, and nuclease free water. Samples were run in triplicate in 96 well plates with the following cycling parameters: 95 °C for 60 s, then 42 cycles of 95 °C for 15 s, 62 °C for 30 s and 72 °C for 31 s. Upon termination of the amplification phase, a dissociation step was performed at 95 °C for 15 s, 60 °C for 1 min and 95 °C for 15 s to check the purity of the amplification products. All samples displayed only a single peak, indicating a single pure product rather than primer dimers or non-specific PCR products. Controls without cDNA template were also used to determine the specificity of the amplification. A standardized four-fold dilution series (1/1 – 1/256) from pooled cDNA was used for calculation of the PCR efficiency for each gene, according to the equation E% = (10−1/slope − 1) × 100. The slope was calculated from a linear regression model against the Ct values of the serial dilutions of cDNA. All amplifications displayed PCR efficiencies between 95% and 115%.

Statistical analysis

The stability and ranking of gene expression were evaluated using three different statistical programs: Bestkeeper GeNorm and Normfinder The relative quantity of gene expression was analyzed using an Excel spreadsheet. Significant differences between control and drug-treated groups were calculated using one-way ANOVA, followed by Least-significant difference (LSD) and Duncan’s multiple range tests after checking the data normality and homogeneity of variances. p < 0.05 was considered to be significant.

Results

Expression levels of the reference gene candidates

The seven potential reference genes could be amplified in all individuals. The mean Ct values and standard errors are shown in Table 3. The genes could be divided into two groups: a group of genes with a median Ct value below 23 (EEF1A, RPL8 and TUBA) or above 25 (B2MG, ACTB, G6PDH and GAPDH). Individual candidate reference genes showed similar expression, with differences in range from 1 to 2 among different sex, age and water temperature conditions. Nonetheless, across all studied samples, B2M showed the most unstable expression pattern, with Ct values differing by up to 6.61. GAPDH also showed high variability, with Ct values differing by 3.6. The variability for the other reference genes was between 2 and 3.

Table 3

Average Ct values ± SD of the seven reference genes in the different experimental setups.

Treatment	EEF1A	RPL8	TUBA	B2MG	ACTB	G6PDH	GAPDH
Drug	Azithromycin	20.49 ± 0.78	20.86 ± 0.59	23.90 ± 0.37	29.78 ± 1.84	27.22 ± 0.43	25.87 ± 0.32	27.97 ± 0.52
	Ivermectin	20.88 ± 0.66	21.05 ± 0.93	24.34 ± 1.58	29.23 ± 0.45	27.53 ± 1.10	27.21 ± 0.12	29.13 ± 0.99
	Florfenicol	19.86 ± 0.19	20.57 ± 0.50	23.87 ± 0.37	29.19 ± 1.05	27.22 ± 0.15	26.91 ± 0.52	28.54 ± 0.35
	Norfloxacin	19.40 ± 0.51	19.28 ± 0.58	22.23 ± 0.46	26.52 ± 0.98	25.80 ± 0.46	24.91 ± 0.55	26.21 ± 0.69
	Levamisole	18.73 ± 0.57	18.63 ± 0.53	21.97 ± 0.24	25.12 ± 0.41	25.46 ± 0.56	25.52 ± 0.90	26.28 ± 1.02
	Ceftriaxone	18.73 ± 0.13	18.68 ± 0.17	21.38 ± 0.23	25.36 ± 0.92	24.72 ± 0.11	25.15 ± 0.15	25.53 ± 0.39
	Rifampicin	18.71 ± 0.55	18.65 ± 0.59	21.49 ± 0.48	26.83 ± 1.02	25.11 ± 0.61	25.41 ± 0.69	25.95 ± 0.75
	Control	18.59 ± 0.74	18.57 ± 0.62	22.24 ± 0.86	27.90 ± 1.25	25.79 ± 0.77	26.45 ± 0.48	27.06 ± 1.18
16	One-year-old male	19.29 ± 0.39	19.99 ± 0.22	21.94 ± 0.44	23.61 ± 0.80	25.47 ± 0.43	25.09 ± 0.72	27.04 ± 1.64
	Two-year-old male	20.25 ± 0.04	21.10 ± 0.04	22.71 ± 0.06	24.54 ± 0.91	26.44 ± 0.22	26.96 ± 0.30	28.09 ± 0.97
	One-year-old female	19.79 ± 0.61	20.14 ± 0.92	22.50 ± 0.59	23.53 ± 0.62	25.60 ± 0.40	26.21 ± 1.21	26.93 ± 1.37
	Two-year-old female	19.75 ± 0.69	20.07 ± 1.00	22.53 ± 0.73	23.57 ± 0.94	25.90 ± 0.65	26.02 ± 0.54	27.42 ± 0.53
26	One-year-old male	18.81 ± 0.31	19.59 ± 0.37	22.34 ± 0.52	23.24 ± 0.59	25.62 ± 0.55	26.41 ± 1.00	27.32 ± 1.31
	Two-year-old male	19.73 ± 0.40	20.26 ± 0.63	23.33 ± 0.83	23.64 ± 0.49	26.73 ± 1.22	27.03 ± 1.13	27.69 ± 1.10
	One-year-old female	18.87 ± 0.34	19.48 ± 0.49	22.79 ± 0.79	23.17 ± 0.12	26.03 ± 0.53	26.43 ± 0.95	27.37 ± 1.11
	Two-year-old female	19.37 ± 0.06	19.96 ± 0.15	23.36 ± 0.18	23.86 ± 0.88	26.59 ± 0.32	26.27 ± 0.42	28.15 ± 0.34
	maximum	20.88 ± 0.66	21.10 ± 0.04	24.34 ± 1.58	29.78 ± 1.84	27.53 ± 1.10	27.21 ± 0.12	29.13 ± 0.99
	minimun	18.59 ± 0.74	18.57 ± 0.62	21.38 ± 0.23	23.17 ± 0.12	24.72 ± 0.11	24.91 ± 0.55	25.53 ± 0.39

Stability analysis by GeNorm

In GeNorm, paired difference analysis of normalization factors is used to determine the optimal number of necessary housekeeping genes (Vandesompele ). In this program, genes are ranked according to their transcript stability values M via pairwise comparison. The gene with the lowest M value possesses the most stable transcription. If M is greater than 1.5, the corresponding gene should be removed from the set. The optimal number of reference genes for normalization is chosen by pairwise variation (V) analysis. If the value is below 0.15, addition of another reference gene is not required. In this way, GeNorm assesses the stability of the best pair of reference genes but not the stability of a single gene. In the present study, the results of the ranking of the seven examined genes by GeNorm under different conditions (Figure 1) indicated that ACTB and TUBA were the most stably expressed pair of reference genes, followed by EEF1A and RPL8. The results of the V analysis (Figure 2) indicated that inclusion of a third reference gene was required for different physiological, environmental and drug factors in crucian carp.

Figure 1

Average values (M) of expression stability of reference genes analyzed by the GeNorm program. This graph displays the output of GeNorm plotting the M value against the reference genes within every sampling from each group.

Figure 2

Determination of the optimal number of reference genes for normalization. The program calculates the V between two sequential normalization factors. Using the cut-off value V = 0.15, three genes were required for accurate normalization under this condition. The three reference genes were ACTB, TUBA and EEF1A.

Stability analysis by NormFinder

NormFinder is a Microsoft® Excel add-in (Andersen ). The operating principle of the program is similar to that of GeNorm. However, NormFinder produces a direct estimation of expression variation, and a lower stability value implies an increased stability of gene expression. Based on the intra- and inter-group variations of each gene, this program determines automatically the most stably expressed candidate reference gene and gene-pair. Table 4 shows the intra-group stability values of the candidates. EEF1A and ACTB were identified as the most stable pair of the candidate reference genes and ACTB as the most stable single gene.

Table 4

The stability of reference genes measured by Normfinder.

Reference gene	Stability value
RPL8	0.010
EEF1A	0.007
ACTB	0.005
GAPDH	0.008
TUBA	0.006
G6PDH	0.010
B2MG	0.023

Stability analysis by BestKeeper

BestKeeper software analyzes a maximum of ten housekeeping genes and ten target genes separately, which is mainly dependent on the pairwise co-efficient of correlation and the BestKeeper index (the geometric mean of Ct value of each candidate gene) (Pfaffl et al., 2002). A gene with a higher coefficient of correlation means that its expression correlates well with the expression patterns of the other reference genes. Moreover, high percentage covariance (CP) and standard deviation (SD) mean low stability of expression of the samples, and the gene with a SD higher than one can be considered to be expressed inconsistently across the samples.

The results shown in Table 5 indicated that, compared to the other reference genes, the SD and CP variation of GAPDH and B2MG were high, which was a reason to exclude them from index calculation. G6PDH with a low correlation co-efficient (0.758) could also be excluded. After removal of GAPDH, B2MG and G6PDH, the significance and the correlation between the remaining reference genes increased (0.956 < r < 0.985) (only rounded data are shown). This suggested that the expression of ACTB, EEF1A, RPL8 and TUBA were stable in fish hepatopancreas under different conditions (water temperature, sex, age, and drug treatments). Moreover, ACTB and TUBA possessed the best stability with the highest correlation co-efficient and the lowest SD/CP.

Table 5

The stability of reference genes tested by Bestkeeper.

Reference gene	Co-efficient of correlation
ACTB	0.864
GAPDH	0.684
EEF1A	0.893
RPL8	0.850
B2MG	0.747
TUBA	0.861
G6PDH	0.491

Effects of reference genes on CYP4T relative gene expression

In order to detect the reliability of the analyzed results of the three software programs, the housekeeping genes (ACTB, EEF1A, GAPDH, RPL8, TUBA, B2MG and G6PDH), individually and in pairs, were used respectively as internal reference to calculate the relative expression of the target gene CYP4T in crucian carp.

Discrepancies were observed when using different reference genes to normalize qPCR data. As shown in Figure 3, when the expression levels were normalized to different housekeeping genes, CYP4T showed some significant differences in two-year-old fish across different temperature and sex (p < 0.05). The results showed that the expression of CYP4T in two-year-old male fish was higher than in females. Especially at 26 °C (Figure 3a), when the data were nomalized to different reference genes and gene combinations, some samples would exhibit significant differences (TUBA, EEF1A, RPL8, G6PDH, and ACTB / EEF1A, ACTB / EEF1A / TUBA).

Figure 3

Expression of CYP4T in the hepatopancreas of crucian carp. Results show the effect of (a) sex on two-year-old fish at 26 °C; (b) different temperature on two-year-old female fish; (c) different temperature on two-year-old male fish. Asterisks (*) indicate significant difference between the two group (p < 0.05). Abbreviations: A - ACTB, T - TUBA, E -EEF1A, R - RPL8, GA - GAPDH, G6 - G6PDH, B - B2MG, A/E -ACTB/EEF1A, A/E/T - ACTB/EEF1A/TUBA.

Differences were also observed in the ratio of the two groups (1.53- to 3.85-fold). Likewise, the influences of temperature on male and female crucian carp were different. The expression of CYP4T was higher in two-year-old female fish breeding at 16 °C than at 26 °C (1.11- to 2.61 fold). Significant differences were observed when EEF1A, RPL8 or ACTB/EEF1A were used for normalization (Figure 3b). In two-year-old males, no significant effect was apparent on the relative gene expression of CYP4T at different temperatures, except when TUBA was used for normalization (Figure 3c). However, this was quite different when the estimate of the trends of CYP4T in the two groups of crucian carp were considered. The expression levels of CYP4T were higher at 26 °C when normalized using some reference genes (ACTB, TUBA, G6PDH, ACTB/EEF1A and ACTB/EEF1A/TUBA), and, in contrast, it was lower at 26 °C when normalized using others (EEF1A, RPL8, GAPDH, B2MG). The ratios of the two groups (26 °C and 16 °C) were from 0.64 (B2MG) to 2.21-fold (TUBA). No significant effect of these reference genes was observed on the relative gene expression of CYP4T in one-year-old fish and between one-year-old and two-year-old fish (results were not shown).

Based on the above data, the expression levels of CYP4T were more centered after normalizing to the gene combinations, and the combinations also had an effect on the error estimates. These results demonstrate that the relative quantification of target gene expression varied mostly depending on the reference gene and the number of reference genes used for normalization.

Discussion

The stability and ranking of gene expression in crucian carp were evaluated using GeNorm, Normfinder and Bestkeeper. The three programs all showed consistently that ACTB was the most stably expressed reference gene, whereas G6PDH and B2MG were the least stably expressed genes. Furthermore, GeNorm suggested that the combination of ACTB/EEF1A/TUBA was the most stable one. Normfinder identified ACTB/EEF1A as the most reliable gene-pair. BestKeeper revealed that ACTB and TUBA were the most reliable candidate genes, but EEF1A and RPL8 could also be used as house keeping genes. However, with a single gene as reference, the calculation of the relative expression level of CYP4T differed (Figure 3), which made it difficult to decide which reference gene should be used to determine if CYP4T expression was closer to truth. The combined normalizing factors inferred by Normfinder and GeNorm indicated that the magnitude of relative expression of CYP4T and the estimation of its error were similar. The combination of two or more reference genes produced more reliable results of the gene expression.

Previous studies demonstrated that reference gene expression could be affected by many factors, such as development, tissue and experimental conditions (Ingerslev ; Peters ; McCurley and Callard, 2008; Small ), and the use of a single reference gene might not produce reliable results for target gene expression (de Jonge ; Bustin ; Derveaux ). It was shown that 25% of the experiments for quantifying target gene expression using single vs. multiple reference genes resulted in a 3.0-fold error, and 10% with a 6.4-fold error (Vandesompele ). Therefore, it is recommended that two or more reference genes and the geometric mean be used to correct the relative expression of the target gene and to improve the reliability of the expression (Nailis ; McNeill ; Pombo-Suarez ; Wood ). However, there is a limit to the number of genes in combination so that an optimal combination of reference genes needs to be identified (Ling and Salvaterra, 2011).

There are a number of programs, such as GeNorm, Bestkeeper and NormFinder used in this study, for evaluating and selecting stable reference genes. Although the algorithms of these software programs are different, they often produce similar results. However, they may also produce different outcomes, as seen in this study. It remains unknown which program is better for selecting reference genes. Some studies suggest that GeNorm might select reference genes of similar expression by a pairwise approach but the selected genes might not be the most stable genes, and if the expression pattern of candidate reference genes is dissimilar, no genes will meet the stability threshold for including potential stable reference genes (Andersen ; Wood ). In the present study, GeNorm and NormFinder, applying different methods of calculation, resulted in similar stable reference genes. In addition, both programs suggested to use combinations ofreference genes, and the ranking of the stability of the single reference genes identified by BestKeeper was analogous to that by GeNorm; but BestKeeper did not suggest a suitablegene combination. In the present study, GeNorm and Normfinder suggested that the combination of ACTB/EEF1A/TUBA or of ACTB/EEF1A be used to measure the expression of the target gene, since the relative expression of the target gene CYP4T was unstable underour experimental conditions when a single reference gene was used (Figure 3).

Conclusion

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study examining the expression of CYP4T in crucian carp and to test the stability of reference genes under such complex conditions. In this study, all the seven reference genes were found to have some degrees of variability under the various conditions (sex, age, water temperature, and drug treatments), and there was no single best gene for the experiments. We recommend using the geometric average of the combination of ACTB/EEF1A or of ACTB/EEF1A/TUBA as a normalization factor for RT-qPCR analysis of gene expression in crucian carp following these and possibly other treatments. These results underlined the importance of validating reference genes prior to use in RT-qPCR, which is of significance studies on fishes.