Ilona Luoma1, Marie Korhonen2, Raili K Salmelin3, Mika Helminen4, Tuula Tamminen5. 1. University of Tampere, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, FI-33014, Finland; Tampere University Hospital, Department of Child Psychiatry, PO Box 2000, FI-33521 Tampere, Finland. Electronic address: ilona.luoma@uta.fi. 2. University of Tampere, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, FI-33014, Finland. 3. Tampere University Hospital, Department of Child Psychiatry, PO Box 2000, FI-33521 Tampere, Finland; University of Tampere, School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, FI-33014, Finland. 4. University of Tampere, School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, FI-33014, Finland; Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Science Center, PO Box 2000, FI-33521 Tampere, Finland. 5. University of Tampere, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, FI-33014, Finland; Tampere University Hospital, Department of Child Psychiatry, PO Box 2000, FI-33521 Tampere, Finland.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Depressive symptoms, often long-term or recurrent, are common among mothers of young children and a well-known risk for child well-being. We aimed to explore the antecedents of the long-term trajectories of maternal depressive symptoms and to define the antenatal factors predicting the high-symptom trajectories. METHODS: The sample comprised 329 mothers from maternity centers. Maternal depressive symptoms were assessed with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) antenatally and at two months, six months, 4-5 years, 8-9 years and 16-17 years after delivery. Maternal expectations concerning the baby were assessed with the Neonatal Perception Inventory (NPI). Background information was gathered with questionnaires. RESULTS: A model including four symptom trajectories (very low, low-stable, high-stable and intermittent) was selected to describe the symptom patterns over time. The high-stable and the intermittent trajectory were both predicted pairwise by a high antenatal EPDS sum score as well as high EPDS anxiety and depression subscores but the other predictors were specific for each trajectory. In multivariate analyses, the high-stable trajectory was predicted by a high antenatal EPDS sum score, a high EPDS anxiety subscore, diminished life satisfaction, loneliness and more negative expectations of babies on average. The intermittent trajectory was predicted by a high antenatal EPDS sum score, a poor relationship with own mother and urgent desire to conceive. LIMITATIONS: Only self-report questionnaires were used. The sample size was rather small. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest a heterogeneous course and background of maternal depressive symptoms. This should be considered in intervention planning.
BACKGROUND:Depressive symptoms, often long-term or recurrent, are common among mothers of young children and a well-known risk for child well-being. We aimed to explore the antecedents of the long-term trajectories of maternal depressive symptoms and to define the antenatal factors predicting the high-symptom trajectories. METHODS: The sample comprised 329 mothers from maternity centers. Maternal depressive symptoms were assessed with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) antenatally and at two months, six months, 4-5 years, 8-9 years and 16-17 years after delivery. Maternal expectations concerning the baby were assessed with the Neonatal Perception Inventory (NPI). Background information was gathered with questionnaires. RESULTS: A model including four symptom trajectories (very low, low-stable, high-stable and intermittent) was selected to describe the symptom patterns over time. The high-stable and the intermittent trajectory were both predicted pairwise by a high antenatal EPDS sum score as well as high EPDS anxiety and depression subscores but the other predictors were specific for each trajectory. In multivariate analyses, the high-stable trajectory was predicted by a high antenatal EPDS sum score, a high EPDS anxiety subscore, diminished life satisfaction, loneliness and more negative expectations of babies on average. The intermittent trajectory was predicted by a high antenatal EPDS sum score, a poor relationship with own mother and urgent desire to conceive. LIMITATIONS: Only self-report questionnaires were used. The sample size was rather small. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest a heterogeneous course and background of maternal depressive symptoms. This should be considered in intervention planning.
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