Multicolour FISH analysis of ionising radiation induced micronucleus formation in human lymphocytes.

Micronucleation of chromosomal DNA is an effective indicator of DNA damage and micronucleus (MN) analysis is a valuable tool for radiation biodosimetry studies. To gain a comprehensive knowledge of micronucleation process after ionising radiation (IR) exposure, whole genome-wide chromosome analysis is desirable. With this objective, multicolour fluorescence in situ hybridization (M-FISH) technique was utilised in the present study to characterise the chromosome content of spontaneous and IR-induced micronuclei in three human donors. M-FISH analysis revealed a radiation dose-dependant increase in the number of micronuclei with multi-chromosome material above 2 Gy and as many as 3-6 multicolour signals were detected in micronuclei after high γ-rays radiation doses (5-10 Gy). Involvement of each human chromosome material was more frequently detected in multicoloured micronuclei than in single-coloured micronuclei at high radiation doses (>2 Gy). Observation of dose-dependant increase in the MN frequency with multi-chromosome material may be due to misrepair of DNA double-strand breaks involving multiple chromosomes leading to asymmetric dicentric or ring chromosomes and acentric fragments. Chromosomes belonging to groups A (1, 2 and 3) and B (4 and 5) were frequently detected in 35-45% of the total micronuclei either as single entities or in combination with other chromosomes. Among the A and B groups, chromosome 1 material was consistently detected at high MN frequencies after radiation exposure in all the donors. Additionally, chromosomes 13 and 19 were more frequently observed in micronuclei than the expected frequency based on DNA content. Our whole genome approach utilising the M-FISH technique revealed that MN formation at high radiation doses might be complex involving multiple chromosome fragments. Understanding the fate and biological consequences of these multi-chromosome-containing micronuclei may provide key molecular insights for some aspects of IR-induced genomic instability and cancer development processes.