Obstruction-induced alterations within the urinary bladder and their role in the pathophysiology of lower urinary tract symptomatology.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is considered a frequent cause of bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) and lower urinary tract symptoms. This review addresses the bladder response to BOO and focuses on the alterations and biochemical adaptability of the bladder wall in the presence of hypoxia. A literature review of published articles has been performed, including both in vivo and in vitro studies on human and animal tissue.