Report of the fourth PANDA Symposium on "Anesthesia and Neurodevelopment in Children".

On April 12, 2014, the Pediatric Anesthesia and NeuroDevelopment Assessment (PANDA) study team held its fourth biennial scientific symposium at Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital of New York (MS-CHONY). The symposium was organized by the PANDA study team and co-sponsored by the Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital of New York-Presbyterian and the Department of Anesthesiology of Columbia University. The PANDA symposium has become a platform to review current preclinical and clinical data related to anesthetic neurotoxicity, to discuss relevant considerations in study design and approaches to future research among clinicians and researchers, and finally to engage key stakeholders in this controversial public health topic. Program attendants and speakers represented many of the most active investigators in the area of pediatric anesthetic neurotoxicity as well as stakeholders from many different backgrounds outside of anesthesia that provided their own unique perspectives, concerns, and input regarding anesthetic-related neurotoxicity in children.