Mechanisms of post-traumatic osteoarthritis after ACL injury.

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture is a common and devastating injury with long-term sequelae that include meniscal tears, chondral injury, and an increased risk of knee osteoarthritis (OA). ACL reconstruction is recommended to protect against knee instability, reduce the likelihood of meniscal tears and further surgery, and enable earlier return to sporting activities. ACL reconstruction, however, does not reduce the incidence of early-onset OA. In this review, we discuss the factors before and after surgery that are believed to contribute to the premature development of degenerative joint disease.