The gut-adipose-liver axis in the metabolic syndrome.

Obesity is associated with altered gut microbiota composition and impaired gut barrier function. These changes, together with interrelated mesenteric adipose tissue inflammation, result in increased release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, bacteria-derived factors, and lipids into the portal circulation, promoting the development of (hepatic) insulin resistance. Herein, the potential impact of obesity-related changes in gut and visceral adipose tissue biology on the development of insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes is reviewed. ©2014 Int. Union Physiol. Sci./Am. Physiol. Soc.