Allan McLeod1, Amanda Weir2, Celia Aitken3, Rory Gunson3, Kate Templeton4, Pamela Molyneaux5, Paul McIntyre6, Scott McDonald2, David Goldberg1, Sharon Hutchinson2. 1. BBV/STI Team, Health Protection Scotland, Glasgow, UK. 2. BBV/STI Team, Health Protection Scotland, Glasgow, UK School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK. 3. West of Scotland Specialist Virology Centre, Glasgow, UK. 4. East of Scotland Specialist Virology Centre, Edinburgh, UK. 5. Department of Medical Microbiology, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, UK. 6. Department of Medical Microbiology, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, UK.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: A key aim of the Hepatitis C Action Plan for Scotland was to reduce the undiagnosed population through awareness-raising activities, for general practitioners and those at risk, and the introduction of dried blood spot (DBS) sampling in community drug services to overcome barriers to testing. This study evaluates the impact of these activities on testing and diagnosis. METHODS: Data on hepatitis C virus (HCV) testing undertaken between January 1999 and December 2011 in Scotland's four largest health boards were analysed. Segmented regression analysis was used to examine changes in testing following the (1) launch of the Action Plan and (2) introduction of DBS testing. RESULTS: Between the pre-Action Plan and Action Plan periods, increases were observed in the average number of HCV tests (19 058-29 045), positive tests (1993-2405) and new diagnoses (1221-1367). Since July 2009, 26% of new diagnoses were made in drug services. The trend in the number of positive tests was raised during the Action Plan, compared to pre-Action Plan, particularly in drug services (rate ratio (RR)=1.4, p<0.001) and prisons (RR=1.2, p<0.001); no change was observed in general practice. Following introduction of DBS testing, there was a 3-fold increase in testing (RR=3.5, p<0.001) and 12-fold increase in positives (RR=12.1, p<0.001) in drug services. CONCLUSIONS: The introduction of DBS sampling in community drug services has made an appreciable contribution to efforts to diagnose the HCV-infected population in Scotland. These findings are important to other countries, with injecting-related HCV epidemics, needing to scale-up testing/case-finding initiatives. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.
BACKGROUND: A key aim of the Hepatitis C Action Plan for Scotland was to reduce the undiagnosed population through awareness-raising activities, for general practitioners and those at risk, and the introduction of dried blood spot (DBS) sampling in community drug services to overcome barriers to testing. This study evaluates the impact of these activities on testing and diagnosis. METHODS: Data on hepatitis C virus (HCV) testing undertaken between January 1999 and December 2011 in Scotland's four largest health boards were analysed. Segmented regression analysis was used to examine changes in testing following the (1) launch of the Action Plan and (2) introduction of DBS testing. RESULTS: Between the pre-Action Plan and Action Plan periods, increases were observed in the average number of HCV tests (19 058-29 045), positive tests (1993-2405) and new diagnoses (1221-1367). Since July 2009, 26% of new diagnoses were made in drug services. The trend in the number of positive tests was raised during the Action Plan, compared to pre-Action Plan, particularly in drug services (rate ratio (RR)=1.4, p<0.001) and prisons (RR=1.2, p<0.001); no change was observed in general practice. Following introduction of DBS testing, there was a 3-fold increase in testing (RR=3.5, p<0.001) and 12-fold increase in positives (RR=12.1, p<0.001) in drug services. CONCLUSIONS: The introduction of DBS sampling in community drug services has made an appreciable contribution to efforts to diagnose the HCV-infected population in Scotland. These findings are important to other countries, with injecting-related HCV epidemics, needing to scale-up testing/case-finding initiatives. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.
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Keywords:
DRUG MISUSE; HEPATITIS; PUBLIC HEALTH POLICY; SURVEILLANCE
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