Arbuscular mycorrhizae improve low temperature tolerance in cucumber via alterations in H2O2 accumulation and ATPase activity.

The combined effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and low temperature (LT) on cucumber plants were investigated with respect to biomass production, H2O2 accumulation, NADPH oxidase, ATPase activity and related gene expression. Mycorrhizal colonization ratio was gradually increased after AMF-inoculation. However, LT significantly decreased mycorrhizal colonization ability and mycorrhizal dependency. Regardless of temperature, the total fresh and dry mass, and root activity of AMF-inoculated plants were significantly higher than that of the non-AMF control. The H2O2 accumulation in AMF-inoculated roots was decreased by 42.44% compared with the control under LT. H2O2 predominantly accumulated on the cell walls of apoplast but was hardly detectable in the cytosol or organelles of roots. Again, NADPH oxidase activity involved in H2O2 production was significantly reduced by AMF inoculation under LT. AMF-inoculation remarkably increased the activities of P-type H(+)-ATPase, P-Ca(2+)-ATPase, V-type H(+)-ATPase, total ATPase activity, ATP concentration and plasma membrane protein content in the roots under LT. Additionally, ATP concentration and expression of plasma membrane ATPase genes were increased by AMF-inoculation. These results indicate that NADPH oxidase and ATPase might play an important role in AMF-mediated tolerance to chilling stress, thereby maintaining a lower H2O2 accumulation in the roots of cucumber.