Protein phosphorylation in the bacterial chemotaxis system.

Bacterial chemotaxis involves the detection of changes in concentration of specific chemicals in the environment of the cell as a function of time. This process is mediated by a series of cell surface receptors that interact with and activate intracellular protein phosphorylation. Five cytoplasmic proteins essential for chemotaxis have been shown to be involved in a coupled system of protein phosphorylation. Ligand binding to cell surface receptors affects the rate of autophosphorylation of the CheA protein. In the absence of an attractant bound to receptor and in the presence of the CheW protein, the rate of CheA autophosphorylation is markedly increased. Phosphorylated CheA can transfer phosphate to the CheY or CheB proteins; phosphorylation of these "effector" proteins may increase their activity. The CheY protein is thought to regulate flagellar rotation and thus control swimming behavior. The CheB protein modifies the cell surface receptor and thus regulates receptor function. Finally, another chemotaxis protein, CheZ, acts to specifically dephosphorylate CheY-phosphate. This system shows marked similarity to the 2-component sensor-regulator systems found to control specific gene expression in a variety of bacteria.