Recent advances in febrile seizures.

Febrile seizures are the most common seizures of childhood. A family history of febrile seizures is common, and the disorder is genetically heterogenous. While guidelines are available for management of simple febrile seizures, the management of complex febrile seizures is individualised. After a febrile seizure, it is important to rule out CNS infection and the decision to perform a lumbar puncture should be based on the clinical condition of the child. Neuroimaging and EEG are not required immediately in workup for simple or complex febrile seizures. Recurrence of febrile seizures may be managed at home by the parents with benzodiazepines. If the recurrences are multiple or prolonged and parents are unable to give home treatment, intermittent benzodiazepine prophylaxis may be given. Continuous antiepileptic prophylaxis may be given only to the children where intermittent prophylaxis has failed. Febrile seizures are also associated with increased risk of epilepsy, but this cannot be prevented by any form of treatment. There is also an increased risk of mesial temporal sclerosis, but whether this is an effect or cause of febrile seizures is as yet unclear. There is no increase in neurological handicaps or mortality following febrile seizures.