Dynamic metabolomic responses of Escherichia coli to nicotine stress.

Previously, we reported the metabolic responses of Pseudomonas sp. strain HF-1, a nicotine-degrading bacterium, to nicotine stress. However, the metabolic effects of nicotine on non-nicotine-degrading bacteria that dominate the environment are still unclear. Here, we have used nuclear magnetic resonance based metabolomics in combination with multivariate data analysis methods to comprehensively analyze the metabolic changes in nicotine-treated Escherichia coli. Our results showed that nicotine caused the changes of energy-related metabolism that we believe are due to enhanced glycolysis and mixed acid fermentation as well as inhibited tricarboxylic acid cycle activity. Furthermore, nicotine resulted in the alteration of choline metabolism with a decreased synthesis of betaine but an increased production of dimethylamine. Moreover, nicotine caused a decrease in amino acid concentration and an alteration of nucleotide synthesis. We hypothesize that these changes caused the decrease in bacterial cell density observed in the experiment. These findings provide a comprehensive insight into the metabolic response of E. coli to nicotine stress. Our study highlights the value of metabolomics in elucidating the metabolic mechanisms of nicotine action.