Zofia Kolesinska1, S Faisal Ahmed2, Marek Niedziela1, Jillian Bryce3, Marta Molinska-Glura1, Martina Rodie3, Jipu Jiang3, Richard O Sinnott4, Ieuan A Hughes5, Feyza Darendeliler6, Olaf Hiort7, Yvonne van der Zwan8, Martine Cools9, Tulay Guran10, Paul-Martin Holterhus11, Silvano Bertelloni12, Lidka Lisa13, Wiebke Arlt14, Nils Krone14, Mona Ellaithi15, Antonio Balsamo16, Inas Mazen17, Anna Nordenstrom18, Katherine Lachlan19, Mona Alkhawari20, Pierre Chatelain21, Naomi Weintrob22. 1. Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland; 2. University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; faisal.ahmed@glasgow.ac.uk. 3. University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; 4. University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; 5. University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; 6. Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey; 7. University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; 8. Sophia Children's Hospital/Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands; 9. University Hospital Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; 10. Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey; 11. University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; 12. University Hospital Pisa, Pisa, Italy; 13. Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic; 14. Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; 15. Ahfad University for Women, Omdurman, Sudan; Al-Neelain Medical Research Centre, Khartoum, Sudan; 16. University Hospital Bologna, Bologna, Italy; 17. National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt; 18. Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 19. University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; 20. Amiri Hospital, Kuwait, Kuwait; 21. University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France; 22. Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Dana Children's Hospital, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: It is unclear whether the proportion of infants with a disorder of sex development who are raised as male or female has changed over time. The temporal trends in sex assignment of affected cases entered in the International Disorder of Sex Development (I-DSD) Registry were studied. METHODS: Cases of disorders of sex development reported as partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (PAIS; n = 118), disorder of gonadal development (DGD; n = 232), and disorder of androgen synthesis (DAS; n = 104) were divided into those who were born before 1990, 1990-1999, and after 1999. External appearance of the genitalia was described by the external masculinization score. RESULTS: The median (5th-95th percentile) external masculinization scores of those infants with PAIS, DGD, and DAS who were raised as boys were 6 (2-9), 6 (3-9), and 6 (1-12), respectively, and were significantly higher than in those raised as girls (2 [0-6], 2 [0-7], and 0 [0-5], respectively); this difference was maintained in the 3 temporal birth cohorts (P < .01). Of the 118 cases in the pre-1990 cohort, 41 (35%) were raised as boys; of the 148 cases in the 1990-1999 cohort, 60 (41%) were raised as boys; and of the 188 cases in the post-1999 cohort, 128 (68%) were raised as boys. CONCLUSIONS: Although there is an association between the external appearance of the genitalia and the choice of sex assignment, there are clear temporal trends in this practice pointing toward an increased likelihood of affected infants being raised as boys. The impact of this change in practice on long-term health outcomes requires additional focus.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: It is unclear whether the proportion of infants with a disorder of sex development who are raised as male or female has changed over time. The temporal trends in sex assignment of affected cases entered in the International Disorder of Sex Development (I-DSD) Registry were studied. METHODS: Cases of disorders of sex development reported as partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (PAIS; n = 118), disorder of gonadal development (DGD; n = 232), and disorder of androgen synthesis (DAS; n = 104) were divided into those who were born before 1990, 1990-1999, and after 1999. External appearance of the genitalia was described by the external masculinization score. RESULTS: The median (5th-95th percentile) external masculinization scores of those infants with PAIS, DGD, and DAS who were raised as boys were 6 (2-9), 6 (3-9), and 6 (1-12), respectively, and were significantly higher than in those raised as girls (2 [0-6], 2 [0-7], and 0 [0-5], respectively); this difference was maintained in the 3 temporal birth cohorts (P < .01). Of the 118 cases in the pre-1990 cohort, 41 (35%) were raised as boys; of the 148 cases in the 1990-1999 cohort, 60 (41%) were raised as boys; and of the 188 cases in the post-1999 cohort, 128 (68%) were raised as boys. CONCLUSIONS: Although there is an association between the external appearance of the genitalia and the choice of sex assignment, there are clear temporal trends in this practice pointing toward an increased likelihood of affected infants being raised as boys. The impact of this change in practice on long-term health outcomes requires additional focus.
Authors: Alexandria M Delozier; Kaitlyn L Gamwell; Christina Sharkey; Dana M Bakula; Megan N Perez; Cortney Wolfe-Christensen; Paul Austin; Laurence Baskin; Kerlly J Bernabé; Yee-Ming Chan; Earl Y Cheng; David A Diamond; Rebecca E H Ellens; Allyson Fried; Denise Galan; Saul Greenfield; Thomas Kolon; Bradley Kropp; Yegappan Lakshmanan; Sabrina Meyer; Theresa Meyer; Natalie J Nokoff; Kristy J Reyes; Blake Palmer; Dix P Poppas; Alethea Paradis; Amy C Tishelman; Elizabeth B Yerkes; John M Chaney; Amy B Wisniewski; Larry L Mullins Journal: Arch Sex Behav Date: 2019-05-29
Authors: Heather M Byers; Lauren H Mohnach; Patricia Y Fechner; Ming Chen; Inas H Thomas; Linda A Ramsdell; Margarett Shnorhavorian; Elizabeth A McCauley; Anne-Marie E Amies Oelschlager; John M Park; David E Sandberg; Margaret P Adam; Catherine E Keegan Journal: Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet Date: 2017-05-25 Impact factor: 3.908
Authors: A Nordenström; S F Ahmed; E van den Akker; J Blair; M Bonomi; C Brachet; L H A Broersen; H L Claahsen-van der Grinten; A B Dessens; A Gawlik; C H Gravholt; A Juul; C Krausz; T Raivio; A Smyth; P Touraine; D Vitali; O M Dekkers Journal: Eur J Endocrinol Date: 2022-04-21 Impact factor: 6.558
Authors: N J Nokoff; B Palmer; A J Mullins; C E Aston; P Austin; L Baskin; K Bernabé; Y-M Chan; E Y Cheng; D A Diamond; A Fried; D Frimberger; D Galan; L Gonzalez; S Greenfield; T Kolon; B Kropp; Y Lakshmanan; S Meyer; T Meyer; L L Mullins; A Paradis; D Poppas; P Reddy; M Schulte; K J Scott Reyes; J M Swartz; C Wolfe-Christensen; E Yerkes; A B Wisniewski Journal: J Pediatr Urol Date: 2016-10-08 Impact factor: 1.921