Roseanne O Yeung1, Yuying Zhang1, Andrea Luk2, Wenying Yang3, Leorino Sobrepena4, Kun-Ho Yoon5, S R Aravind6, Wayne Sheu7, Thy Khue Nguyen8, Risa Ozaki2, Chaicharn Deerochanawong9, Chiu Chi Tsang10, Wing-Bun Chan11, Eun Gyoung Hong12, Trung Quan Do13, Yu Cheung14, Nicola Brown15, Su Yen Goh16, Ronald C Ma1, Monojitketan Mukhopadhyay17, Arvind Kumar Ojha18, Shaibal Chakraborty19, Alice P Kong1, Winnie Lau2, Weiping Jia20, Wenhui Li21, Xiaohui Guo21, Rongwen Bian22, Jianping Weng23, Linong Ji24, Mercedes Reyes-dela Rosa25, Ronaldo M Toledo26, Thep Himathongkam27, Soon-Jib Yoo28, C C Chow2, Larry L T Ho29, Lee-Ming Chuang30, Greg Tutino1, Peter C Tong31, Wing-Yee So2, Troels Wolthers15, Gary Ko1, Greg Lyubomirsky15, Juliana C N Chan32. 1. The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. 2. Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China. 3. China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China. 4. Heart of Jesus Hospital, San Jose City, Philippines. 5. The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea. 6. Diacon Hospital, Bangalore, India. 7. Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan. 8. HCMC University of Pharmaceutical and Medicine, Ho Chi Mihn City, Vietnam. 9. Rajavithi Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand. 10. Alice Ho Nethersole Hospital, Hong Kong, China. 11. Qualigenics Diabetes Centre, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR. 12. Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. 13. Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam. 14. Ma On Shan Family Medicine Centre, Hong Kong, China. 15. Asia Diabetes Foundation, Hong Kong, China. 16. Singapore General Hospital, Singapore. 17. Dr M K Mukhopadhyay's Diabetic Clinic, Kolkata, India. 18. ILS Hospital, Kolkata, India. 19. Seth Sukhlal Karnani Memorial Hospital, India. 20. Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China. 21. Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China. 22. Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China. 23. The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. 24. Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China. 25. Tondo Hospital, Manila, Philippines. 26. Senor St Nino Hospital, Camiling, Philippines. 27. Theptarin Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand. 28. The Catholic University Bucheon St Mary's Hospital, Bucheon, South Korea. 29. Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. 30. National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan. 31. Qualigenics Diabetes Centre, Hong Kong, China. 32. The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. Electronic address: jchan@cuhk.edu.hk.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The prevalence of diabetes is increasing in young adults in Asia, but little is known about metabolic control or the burden of associated complications in this population. We assessed the prevalence of young-onset versus late-onset type 2 diabetes, and associated risk factors and complication burdens, in the Joint Asia Diabetes Evaluation (JADE) cohort. METHODS: JADE is an ongoing prospective cohort study. We enrolled adults with type 2 diabetes from 245 outpatient clinics in nine Asian countries or regions. We classified patients as having young-onset diabetes if they were diagnosed before the age of 40 years, and as having late-onset diabetes if they were diagnosed at 40 years or older. Data for participants' first JADE assessment was extracted for cross-sectional analysis. We compared clinical characteristics, metabolic risk factors, and the prevalence of complications between participants with young-onset diabetes and late-onset diabetes. FINDINGS: Between Nov 1, 2007, and Dec 21, 2012, we enrolled 41,029 patients (15,341 from Hong Kong, 9107 from India, 7712 from Philippines, 5646 from China, 1751 from South Korea, 705 from Vietnam, 385 from Singapore, 275 from Thailand, 107 from Taiwan). 7481 patients (18%) had young-onset diabetes, with age at diagnosis of mean 32·9 years [SD 5·7] versus 53·9 years [9·0] with late-onset diabetes (n=33,548). Those with young-onset diabetes had longer disease duration (median 10 years [IQR 3-18]) than those with late-onset diabetes (5 years [2-11]). Fewer patients with young-onset diabetes achieved HbA1c concentrations lower than 7% compared to those with late-onset diabetes (27% vs 42%; p<0·0001) Patients with young-onset diabetes had higher mean concentrations of HbA1c (mean 8·32% [SD 2·03] vs 7·69% [1·82]; p<0·0001), LDL cholesterol (2·78 mmol/L [0·96] vs 2·74 [0·93]; p=0·009), and a higher prevalence of retinopathy (1363 [20%] vs 5714 (18%); p=0·011) than those with late-onset diabetes, but were less likely to receive statins (2347 [31%] vs 12,441 [37%]; p<0·0001) and renin-angiotensin-system inhibitors (1868 [25%] vs 9665 [29%]; p=0·006). INTERPRETATION: In clinic-based settings across Asia, one in five adult patients had young-onset diabetes. Compared with patients with late-onset diabetes, metabolic control in those with young-onset diabetes was poor, and fewer received organ-protective drugs. Given the risk conferred by long-term suboptimum metabolic control, our findings suggest an impending epidemic of young-onset diabetic complications. FUNDING: The Asia Diabetes Foundation (ADF) and Merck.
BACKGROUND: The prevalence of diabetes is increasing in young adults in Asia, but little is known about metabolic control or the burden of associated complications in this population. We assessed the prevalence of young-onset versus late-onset type 2 diabetes, and associated risk factors and complication burdens, in the Joint Asia Diabetes Evaluation (JADE) cohort. METHODS: JADE is an ongoing prospective cohort study. We enrolled adults with type 2 diabetes from 245 outpatient clinics in nine Asian countries or regions. We classified patients as having young-onset diabetes if they were diagnosed before the age of 40 years, and as having late-onset diabetes if they were diagnosed at 40 years or older. Data for participants' first JADE assessment was extracted for cross-sectional analysis. We compared clinical characteristics, metabolic risk factors, and the prevalence of complications between participants with young-onset diabetes and late-onset diabetes. FINDINGS: Between Nov 1, 2007, and Dec 21, 2012, we enrolled 41,029 patients (15,341 from Hong Kong, 9107 from India, 7712 from Philippines, 5646 from China, 1751 from South Korea, 705 from Vietnam, 385 from Singapore, 275 from Thailand, 107 from Taiwan). 7481 patients (18%) had young-onset diabetes, with age at diagnosis of mean 32·9 years [SD 5·7] versus 53·9 years [9·0] with late-onset diabetes (n=33,548). Those with young-onset diabetes had longer disease duration (median 10 years [IQR 3-18]) than those with late-onset diabetes (5 years [2-11]). Fewer patients with young-onset diabetes achieved HbA1c concentrations lower than 7% compared to those with late-onset diabetes (27% vs 42%; p<0·0001) Patients with young-onset diabetes had higher mean concentrations of HbA1c (mean 8·32% [SD 2·03] vs 7·69% [1·82]; p<0·0001), LDL cholesterol (2·78 mmol/L [0·96] vs 2·74 [0·93]; p=0·009), and a higher prevalence of retinopathy (1363 [20%] vs 5714 (18%); p=0·011) than those with late-onset diabetes, but were less likely to receive statins (2347 [31%] vs 12,441 [37%]; p<0·0001) and renin-angiotensin-system inhibitors (1868 [25%] vs 9665 [29%]; p=0·006). INTERPRETATION: In clinic-based settings across Asia, one in five adult patients had young-onset diabetes. Compared with patients with late-onset diabetes, metabolic control in those with young-onset diabetes was poor, and fewer received organ-protective drugs. Given the risk conferred by long-term suboptimum metabolic control, our findings suggest an impending epidemic of young-onset diabetic complications. FUNDING: The Asia Diabetes Foundation (ADF) and Merck.
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