Walfrido Kühl Svoboda1, Lívia Carício Martins2, Luciano de Souza Malanski3, Marcos Massaaki Shiozawa4, Kledir Anderson Hofstaetter Spohr5, Carmen Lúcia Scortecci Hilst6, Lucas M Aguiar7, Gabriela Ludwig8, Fernando de Camargo Passos9, Lineu Roberto da Silva10, Selwyn Arlington Headley11, Italmar Teodorico Navarro11. 1. Instituto Latino-Americano de Ciências da Vida e da Natureza (ILACVN), Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana (UNILA), Foz do Iguaçu, PR, Brasil. 2. Departamento de Arbovirologia e Febres Hemorrágicas, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, PA, Brazil. 3. Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade, Porto Velho, RO, Brasil. 4. Escola de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Norte do Paraná, Arapongas, PR, Brasil. 5. Escola de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Cuiabá, Cuiabá, MT. 6. Departamento de Clínica Veterinária, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Basil. 7. Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Foz do Iguaçu, PR. 8. Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Primatas Brasileiros, Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade, João Pessoa, PB. 9. Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brasil. 10. Curitiba, Curitiba, PR, Brasil. 11. Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Basil.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Saint Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) primarily occurs in the Americas and produces disease predominantly in humans. This study investigated the serological presence of SLEV in nonhuman primates and horses from southern Brazil. METHODS: From June 2004 to December 2005, sera from 133 monkeys (Alouatta caraya, n=43; Sapajus nigritus, n=64; Sapajus cay, n=26) trap-captured at the Paraná River basin region and 23 blood samples from farm horses were obtained and used for the serological detection of a panel of 19 arboviruses. All samples were analyzed in a hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay; positive monkey samples were confirmed in a mouse neutralization test (MNT). Additionally, all blood samples were inoculated into C6/36 cell culture for viral isolation. RESULTS: Positive seroreactivity was only observed for SLEV. A prevalence of SLEV antibodies in sera was detected in Alouatta caraya (11.6%; 5/43), Sapajus nigritus (12.5%; 8/64), and S. cay (30.8%; 8/26) monkeys with the HI assay. Of the monkeys, 2.3% (1/42) of A. caraya, 6.3% 94/64) of S. nigritus, and 15.4% (4/26) of S. cay were positive for SLEV in the MNT. Additionally, SLEV antibodies were detected by HI in 39.1% (9/23) of the horses evaluated in this study. Arboviruses were not isolated from any blood sample. CONCLUSIONS: These results confirmed the presence of SLEV in nonhuman primates and horses from southern Brazil. These findings most likely represent the first detection of this virus in nonhuman primates beyond the Amazon region. The detection of SLEV in animals within a geographical region distant from the Amazon basin suggests that there may be widespread and undiagnosed dissemination of this disease in Brazil.
INTRODUCTION:Saint Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) primarily occurs in the Americas and produces disease predominantly in humans. This study investigated the serological presence of SLEV in nonhuman primates and horses from southern Brazil. METHODS: From June 2004 to December 2005, sera from 133 monkeys (Alouatta caraya, n=43; Sapajus nigritus, n=64; Sapajus cay, n=26) trap-captured at the Paraná River basin region and 23 blood samples from farm horses were obtained and used for the serological detection of a panel of 19 arboviruses. All samples were analyzed in a hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay; positive monkey samples were confirmed in a mouse neutralization test (MNT). Additionally, all blood samples were inoculated into C6/36 cell culture for viral isolation. RESULTS: Positive seroreactivity was only observed for SLEV. A prevalence of SLEV antibodies in sera was detected in Alouatta caraya (11.6%; 5/43), Sapajus nigritus (12.5%; 8/64), and S. cay (30.8%; 8/26) monkeys with the HI assay. Of the monkeys, 2.3% (1/42) of A. caraya, 6.3% 94/64) of S. nigritus, and 15.4% (4/26) of S. cay were positive for SLEV in the MNT. Additionally, SLEV antibodies were detected by HI in 39.1% (9/23) of the horses evaluated in this study. Arboviruses were not isolated from any blood sample. CONCLUSIONS: These results confirmed the presence of SLEV in nonhuman primates and horses from southern Brazil. These findings most likely represent the first detection of this virus in nonhuman primates beyond the Amazon region. The detection of SLEV in animals within a geographical region distant from the Amazon basin suggests that there may be widespread and undiagnosed dissemination of this disease in Brazil.
Authors: L S Catenacci; M Ferreira; L C Martins; K M De Vleeschouwer; C R Cassano; L C Oliveira; G Canale; S L Deem; J S Tello; P Parker; P F C Vasconcelos; E S Travassos da Rosa Journal: Ecohealth Date: 2018-08-16 Impact factor: 3.184
Authors: María A Morales; Cintia M Fabbri; Gabriel E Zunino; Martín M Kowalewski; Victoria C Luppo; Delia A Enría; Silvana C Levis; Gladys E Calderón Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis Date: 2017-02-10