Kalani L Raphael1, Yingying Zhang, Jian Ying, Tom Greene. 1. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Salt Lake City VA Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
Abstract
AIM: The prevalence of metabolic acidosis increases as glomerular filtration rate falls. However, most patients with stage 4 chronic kidney disease have normal serum bicarbonate concentration while some with stage 3 chronic kidney disease have low serum bicarbonate, suggesting that other factors contribute to generation of acidosis. The purpose of this study is to identify risk factors, other than reduced glomerular filtration rate, for reduced serum bicarbonate in chronic kidney disease. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Study. Multivariable logistic and linear regression models were used to relate predictor variables to the odds of low serum bicarbonate (< 22 mM) compared with normal serum bicarbonate (22-30 mM) and the coefficients of Δ serum bicarbonate concentration. RESULTS: The prevalence of low serum bicarbonate at baseline was 17.3%. Lower estimated glomerular filtration rate had the strongest relationship with low serum bicarbonate. Factors associated with higher odds of low serum bicarbonate, independent of estimated glomerular filtration rate, were urinary albumin/creatinine ≥ 10 mg/g, smoking, anaemia, hyperkalaemia, non-diuretic use and higher serum albumin. These and younger age, higher waist circumference, and use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers associated with negative Δ serum bicarbonate in linear regression models. CONCLUSIONS: Several factors not typically considered to associate with reduced serum bicarbonate in chronic kidney disease were identified including albuminuria ≥ 10 mg/g, anaemia, smoking, higher serum albumin, higher waist circumference, and use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers. Future studies should explore the longitudinal effect of these factors on serum bicarbonate concentration.
AIM: The prevalence of metabolic acidosis increases as glomerular filtration rate falls. However, most patients with stage 4 chronic kidney disease have normal serum bicarbonate concentration while some with stage 3 chronic kidney disease have low serum bicarbonate, suggesting that other factors contribute to generation of acidosis. The purpose of this study is to identify risk factors, other than reduced glomerular filtration rate, for reduced serum bicarbonate in chronic kidney disease. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Study. Multivariable logistic and linear regression models were used to relate predictor variables to the odds of low serum bicarbonate (< 22 mM) compared with normal serum bicarbonate (22-30 mM) and the coefficients of Δ serum bicarbonate concentration. RESULTS: The prevalence of low serum bicarbonate at baseline was 17.3%. Lower estimated glomerular filtration rate had the strongest relationship with low serum bicarbonate. Factors associated with higher odds of low serum bicarbonate, independent of estimated glomerular filtration rate, were urinary albumin/creatinine ≥ 10 mg/g, smoking, anaemia, hyperkalaemia, non-diuretic use and higher serum albumin. These and younger age, higher waist circumference, and use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers associated with negative Δ serum bicarbonate in linear regression models. CONCLUSIONS: Several factors not typically considered to associate with reduced serum bicarbonate in chronic kidney disease were identified including albuminuria ≥ 10 mg/g, anaemia, smoking, higher serum albumin, higher waist circumference, and use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers. Future studies should explore the longitudinal effect of these factors on serum bicarbonate concentration.
Authors: Kalani L Raphael; Tamara Isakova; Joachim H Ix; Dominic S Raj; Myles Wolf; Linda F Fried; Jennifer J Gassman; Cynthia Kendrick; Brett Larive; Michael F Flessner; Susan R Mendley; Thomas H Hostetter; Geoffrey A Block; Ping Li; John P Middleton; Stuart M Sprague; Donald E Wesson; Alfred K Cheung Journal: J Am Soc Nephrol Date: 2019-12-17 Impact factor: 10.121
Authors: David A Bushinsky; Thomas Hostetter; Gerrit Klaerner; Yuri Stasiv; Claire Lockey; Sarah McNulty; Angela Lee; Dawn Parsell; Vandana Mathur; Elizabeth Li; Jerry Buysse; Robert Alpern Journal: Clin J Am Soc Nephrol Date: 2017-11-04 Impact factor: 8.237
Authors: Kalani L Raphael; Rachel A Murphy; Michael G Shlipak; Suzanne Satterfield; Hunter K Huston; Anthony Sebastian; Deborah E Sellmeyer; Kushang V Patel; Anne B Newman; Mark J Sarnak; Joachim H Ix; Linda F Fried Journal: Clin J Am Soc Nephrol Date: 2016-01-14 Impact factor: 8.237