Martin J Jarvis1, Gary A Giovino2, Richard J O'Connor3, Lynn T Kozlowski2, John T Bernert4. 1. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK; martin.jarvis@ucl.ac.uk. 2. Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, New York, NY; 3. Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY; 4. Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To estimate changes in nicotine intakes among U.S. cigarette smokers from 1988 to 2012 with the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). METHODS: NHANES provides data on nationally representative samples of cigarette smokers from the civilian noninstitutionalized U.S. population. A total of 4,304 smokers aged 20 years and older were studied in NHANES III 1988-1994 and 7,095 were studied in the continuous NHANES 1999-2012. We examined serum cotinine concentrations, daily cigarette consumption, and estimated nicotine intake per cigarette, with adjustment for sex, age, racial/ethnic background, level of education, and body mass index. RESULTS: There was little overall change in nicotine intake from smoking cigarettes either in the U.S. population as a whole or in major racial/ethnic subgroups during the 25-year period from 1988. Serum cotinine averaged 223.7ng/mL (95% confidence interval [CI] = 216.1-231.3) in 1988-1994, which was not significantly different from the adjusted mean of 219.2ng/mL (95% CI = 214.1-224.4) in 1999-2012. During the same period, average daily cigarette consumption declined substantially, from 17.3 (95% CI = 16.5-18.0) in 1988-1994 to 12.3 (95% CI = 11.0-13.6) by 2012. Cotinine per cigarette smoked increased by some 42% between 1988-1994 and 2011-2012, from a geometric mean of 12.4 (95% CI = 11.7-13.1) to 17.6 (95% CI = 16.1-19.2). CONCLUSIONS: Reductions in cigarette smoking prevalence since the late 1980s, changes in cigarette product design, and the widespread introduction of smoke-free policies have not had a significant impact on nicotine intakes among U.S. smokers. Reductions in cigarette consumption have been offset by increased nicotine intake per cigarette smoked.
OBJECTIVE: To estimate changes in nicotine intakes among U.S. cigarette smokers from 1988 to 2012 with the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). METHODS: NHANES provides data on nationally representative samples of cigarette smokers from the civilian noninstitutionalized U.S. population. A total of 4,304 smokers aged 20 years and older were studied in NHANES III 1988-1994 and 7,095 were studied in the continuous NHANES 1999-2012. We examined serum cotinine concentrations, daily cigarette consumption, and estimated nicotine intake per cigarette, with adjustment for sex, age, racial/ethnic background, level of education, and body mass index. RESULTS: There was little overall change in nicotine intake from smoking cigarettes either in the U.S. population as a whole or in major racial/ethnic subgroups during the 25-year period from 1988. Serum cotinine averaged 223.7ng/mL (95% confidence interval [CI] = 216.1-231.3) in 1988-1994, which was not significantly different from the adjusted mean of 219.2ng/mL (95% CI = 214.1-224.4) in 1999-2012. During the same period, average daily cigarette consumption declined substantially, from 17.3 (95% CI = 16.5-18.0) in 1988-1994 to 12.3 (95% CI = 11.0-13.6) by 2012. Cotinine per cigarette smoked increased by some 42% between 1988-1994 and 2011-2012, from a geometric mean of 12.4 (95% CI = 11.7-13.1) to 17.6 (95% CI = 16.1-19.2). CONCLUSIONS: Reductions in cigarette smoking prevalence since the late 1980s, changes in cigarette product design, and the widespread introduction of smoke-free policies have not had a significant impact on nicotine intakes among U.S. smokers. Reductions in cigarette consumption have been offset by increased nicotine intake per cigarette smoked.
Authors: Baoyun Xia; Benjamin C Blount; Tonya Guillot; Christina Brosius; Yao Li; Dana M Van Bemmel; Heather L Kimmel; Cindy M Chang; Nicolette Borek; Kathryn C Edwards; Charlie Lawrence; Andrew Hyland; Maciej L Goniewicz; Brittany N Pine; Yang Xia; John T Bernert; B Rey De Castro; John Lee; Justin L Brown; Stephen Arnstein; Diane Choi; Erin L Wade; Dorothy Hatsukami; Gladys Ervies; Angel Cobos; Keegan Nicodemus; Dana Freeman; Stephen S Hecht; Kevin Conway; Lanqing Wang Journal: Nicotine Tob Res Date: 2021-02-16 Impact factor: 4.244
Authors: Ryung S Kim; Andrea H Weinberger; Geetanjali Chander; Mark S Sulkowski; Brianna Norton; Jonathan Shuter Journal: Am J Med Date: 2018-01-31 Impact factor: 4.965
Authors: Philip H Smith; Jennifer S Rose; Carolyn M Mazure; Gary A Giovino; Sherry A McKee Journal: Drug Alcohol Depend Date: 2014-07-14 Impact factor: 4.492
Authors: Min-Ae Song; Neal L Benowitz; Micah Berman; Theodore M Brasky; K Michael Cummings; Dorothy K Hatsukami; Catalin Marian; Richard O'Connor; Vaughan W Rees; Casper Woroszylo; Peter G Shields Journal: J Natl Cancer Inst Date: 2017-12-01 Impact factor: 13.506
Authors: Sophia I Allen; Emily Wasserman; Susan Veldheer; Jessica Yingst; Shari Hrabovsky; Jason Liao; Nicolle M Krebs; Kimberly Horn; Lisa Reinhart; Jennifer Modesto; Kayla Putt; A Eden Evins; Joshua E Muscat; John P Richie; Jonathan Foulds Journal: Nicotine Tob Res Date: 2019-08-19 Impact factor: 4.244
Authors: Cecilia L Bergeria; Sarah H Heil; Janice Y Bunn; Stacey C Sigmon; Stephen T Higgins Journal: Nicotine Tob Res Date: 2018-09-04 Impact factor: 4.244
Authors: Noah R Gubner; Joseph Guydish; Gary L Humfleet; Neal L Benowitz; Sharon M Hall Journal: Drug Alcohol Depend Date: 2017-06-23 Impact factor: 4.492
Authors: Connie S Sosnoff; Kevin Caron; J Ricky Akins; Kristin Dortch; Ronald E Hunter; Brittany N Pine; June Feng; Benjamin C Blount; Yao Li; Dana M van Bemmel; Heather L Kimmel; Kathryn C Edwards; Maciej L Goniewicz; Dorothy K Hatsukami; B Rey de Castro; John T Bernert; Stephen Arnstein; Nicolette Borek; Ying Deng-Bryant; Elena Mishina; Charles Lawrence; Andrew Hyland; Stephen S Hecht; Kevin P Conway; James L Pirkle; Lanqing Wang Journal: Nicotine Tob Res Date: 2022-03-26 Impact factor: 4.244