Intake and Performance of Yearling Steers Grazing Guineagrass (Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia) Pasture Supplemented with Different Energy Sources.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of supplements containing different energy sources in relation to mineral supplementation of steers grazing guineagrass (Panicum maximum cv Tanzânia) pasture, during the dry season. The experimental design was a randomized block with three treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of a mineral supplementation and two other supplements, one based on corn seed and the other based on soybean hulls, and provided at 0.8% of body weight. Forty-eight, 12 month-old crossbred steers with an average initial body weight of 267 kg, were assigned to twelve paddocks (1,125 ha) of guineagrass. The animals that were fed with soybean hulls and corn seed presented a greater average daily gain (0.982 and 0.937) when compared with the mineral supplementation. Soybean hulls can be used as a satisfactory food source, replacing corn as an energy source in the supplementation of beef cattle without compromising animal performance.

INTRODUCTION

Beef production in Brazil is characterized by production systems based on tropical pastures. The forage production and nutritive value are satisfactory in the rainy season but are poor in the dry season due to the seasonality of forage production. Thus, it is necessary to supplement the cattle in order to meet their nutritional requirements during this period.

The use of supplements can increase feed intake and provide additional nutrients. The usual energy concentrates (maize and sorghum) are rich in non-structural carbohydrates (CNEs), whose main component is starch. However, high concentrations in the diet can result in the reduction of rumen pH to levels below the critical value for the action of cellulolytic bacteria and reduce the degradation of fiber (Van Soest, 1994; Stockdale and Dixon, 1999).

The use of foods with high levels of non-starch polysaccharide compounds (PNA), such as soybean hulls, can promote the digestibility of fibre asthey do not produce lactic acid or lower the pH during fermentation. Thus, the use of supplements rich in PNA can help to increase the digestibility of forage, enhancing the feed intake and animal performance (Van Soest, 1994; Euclides and Medeiros, 2005). Grigsby et al. (1993) and Mendes et al. (2005) observed that animals fed diets containing soybean hulls in partial substitution of corn had a higher level of dietary fiber digestion. However, several authors (Faulkner et al., 1994; Gomes, 1998; Fisher and Mulhbach, 1999) reported no differences in the performance of cattle fed soybean hulls in place of corn.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of supplements with different energy sources in contrast to mineral supplementation on the performance and the feed consumption by yearling steers, during the dry season.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The experiment was conducted at Embrapa Beef Cattle (Lat. 20° 27′ S, Long. 54° 37′ W and Alt 530 m), Campo Grande, MS, from July 22 to October 21, 2005.

The experimental area was composed of twelve 1.125 ha paddocks of guineagrass pastures (Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania). These pastures were established in 2000 and have since been managed under rotational grazing with a variable stocking rate during the rainy season and a continuous and fixed stocking rate during the dry period.

During the experimental period, the rainfall, relative humidity and air temperature were recorded (Figure 1), and the average temperature and cumulative monthly rainfall were used to calculate the water balance. The storage capacity of the soil water used was 75 mm. Forty-eight steers of three genetic groups (1/2 Angus-1/2 Nellore; Braford 1/2-1/4 Angus-Nellore; and 1/4-1/2 Brahman-1/4 Angus-1/4 Nellore) were used. They had an average age of 12 months and an average body weight of 265±22 kg. The animals were assigned to paddocks so that the average body weight of four steers were almost the same for each paddock. All animals were identified with RFID. At the beginning of the experiment and during the experimental period, the animals were treated for endo- and ectoparasites.

Figure 1.

Precipitation (mm/month); relative humidity (%); and minimum, average and maximum temperature (°C) for the period from July to October 2005.

The experimental design was a completely randomized block design with three treatments and four replications (paddocks). The treatments consisted of a mineral supplement (SM; control) and two other supplements, one whose energy source was based on corn (GM) and the other based on soybean hulls (CS). The proportions and chemical composition of the ingredients are listed in Table 1. The GM and CS supplements were provided daily at 9:00 and 15:00 at level of 0.8% of body weight (BW), and the mineral supplement was provided ad libitum.

Table 1.

Percentage and chemical composition of the experimental diets

Ingredients (%)	Treatment
	MS	COS	SOH
Corn grain	-	41.1	-
Soybean meal	-	49.5	24.3
Soy beans	-	-	24.3
Soybean hulls	-	-	48.0
Limestone		2.5	2.5
Salt mineral1	100.0	0.8	0.8
White salt	-	6.0	0.0
Rumensin	-	0.06	0.06
Chemical composition of energy supplements
Dry matter (%)	-	88.62	89.09
Crude protein (% DM)	-	31.8	26.5
Neutral detergent fiber (NDF, % DM)	-	11.54	38.23
NDFapa (% DM)	-	10.26	34.8
Ether extract (% DM)	-	3.22	6.37
Acid detergent lignin (ADL, % DM)	-	0.29	0.46
Mineral matters (MM, % DM)	-	9.43	7.46
Non-fiber carbohydrates (CNF, % DM)	-	41.17	20.89
Total carbohydrates (% DM)	-	52.71	59.12
IVDMb (%)	-	90.76	79.09
Ca (%)	-	0.84	1.04
P (%)	-	0.44	0.28
Na (ppm)	-	18,661	2,395
Mg (% DM)	-	0.165	0.194
Fe (ppm)	-	196.8	609.5
Zn (ppm)	-	8,418	114.83
Mn (ppm)	-	35.12	48.21
Cu (ppm)	-	13.86	15.51
TDN	-	76.96	75.95

Mineral composition: sodium chloride, 48.75%; flowers of sulfur, 7.36; dicalcium phosphate, 39.26%; Potassium iodide, 0.015%; Sodium selenite, 0.008%; Sulfate cobalt, 0.014%; Sulfate copper, 0.69%; Zinc sulfate, 3.89%.

NDF and ash-free protein.

In vitro DM digestibility.

The animals were weighed monthly after fasting for 16 h from food and water. The average daily gain was calculated as the difference in animal weight divided by the number of days between weightings.

The dry matter intake was estimated in the middle of the trial period, starting on September 1, 2005. Chromic oxide was used as an external indicator (10 g of Cr2O3 animal-1 d), which was packed in paper cartridges and placed directly into the rumen through a hose adapted to a plunger (introduced via the esophagus). The supply was a single daily dose for seven days at approximately 12:00 h. The feces were taken directly from the rectum of each animal on d 6 at 8:00 am, d 8 at 12:00 h and d 8 at 16:00 h, as described by Valadares Filho (2005). The feces were dried in a forced air oven at 50°C, ground in a Willey-type mill (with a 1.0 mm sieve) and analyzed for the content of Cr in an atomic absorption spectrophotometer, as described by Williams et al. (1962). The excretion of fecal dry matter was estimated based on the ratio of the supplied quantity of the indicator and its concentration in feces, as proposed by Burns et al. (1994). The estimate of indigestible NDF was made by incubating the samples from simulated grazing, supplements, and feces for 144 h (Cochran et al., 1986; Detmann, 1999). The consumption estimates were obtained using the equation proposed by Detmann et al. (2001).

After estimating the forage intake, the replacement rate (Moore et al., 1999) was calculated as the unit varied in forage intake per unit of supplement intake: replacement rate (TS) = (IMSFs−IMSFn)/IMSs, where IMSFs = herbage DM intake by steers that were supplemented (PC %), IMSFn = herbage DM intake by steers that were not supplemented (PC %), and IMSs = supplement DM intake (% BW).

Forage samples were taken at 28-d intervals, fifteen 1 m2 areas were selected at random within each paddock, and herbage was harvested on the ground level. Each sample subsampled twice, one of was oven dried at 55°C (fan forced) for 72 h, the other subsample was separated into leaf blade (leaf), stem (stem+sheath) and dead material and each fraction was dried (55°C)The proportions of each separated component were expressed as a percentage of the total dry weight, and they mass were used to estimate the relationships of the leaf:stem ratio (LSR) and the leaf:non-leaf ratio (stem+dead material; LNLR) and to estimate the mass of the leaf blade.

The supply of dry matter (OMS; kg of dry matter per 100 kg body weight) was calculated by dividing the dry weight by the total body weight of the animals kept in the paddock during the same period. The leaf offer (OL; kg of dry leaf per 100 kg body weight) was calculated in the same manner, considering only that component of the plant.

In each paddock, two hand plucked samples were collected each month to simulate animal grazing. These were ground to 1 mm and analyzed to estimate the crude protein content, neutral detergent fiber content, in vitro digestibility of organic matter using near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) in accordance with the procedures of Marten et al. (1985), and lignin in acid detergent in accordance with the procedures of Van Soest et al. (1991).

Monthly samples of the supplements were collected, ground in a Willey-type mill to 1 mm and analyzed for their bromatological constituents, AOAC (1990), neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber contents were evaluated (Goering and Van Soest, 1970). The neutral detergent fiber ash and protein content were determined according to the techniques described in Silva and Queiroz (2002). The in vitro dry matter concentrate was determined by the modified technique of Tilley and Terry (1963).

The level of non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFCs) in the supplements was estimated according to the formula proposed by Hall (2000): NFC = 100−(% CP+% NDF+% EE+% Ash). The level of estimated total digestible nutrients (TDNest) was obtained using the equations suggested by NRC (2001) according to the composition of the assessed foods: TDN = TDN1X (%) = □ tdNFC+tdCP+(tdFA×2.25) +tdNDF−7, where on average, metabolic fecal TDN equaled 7; tdCP (concentrates) = (1−(0.4×PIDA/PB)); tdFA = (EE−1)×100; tdNDF = 0.75 (cpNDF−L)×(1−(L/cpNDF) 0.667); and L = lignin.

The pasture characteristics were analyzed by a mathematical model containing the random effect of block and the fixed effects of supplement, period in the dry season and their interactions. For the dry matter intake, were considered the random effect of block and the fixed effects of crossbreed and supplement, and their interactions. For animal performance data was considered the random effect of block and the fixed effect of crossbreed, supplement, period of supplementation in the dry season and their interactions. All analyses were performed using the procedure “Mixed” (SAS Institute, 1996). Means were compared by the Tukey test at 5% probability level. In the case of significant interactions, means were compared by the probability of difference (PDIFF) option of SAS and the tukey test at 5% probabbility level.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Independent of supplement use, the pastures were similar regarding the mass of dry matter (MDM, p = 0.3052); leaf dry matter (ML, p = 0.2740); offer dry matter (ODM, p = 0.7675); offer leaf dry matter (OL, p = 0.8914); leaf percentage (PL, p = 0.6485); stem percentage (PS, p = 0.7416); dead material percentage (DM, p = 0.5150); leaf:stem ratio (LSR, p = 0.9004); leaf:non-leaf (LNLR, p = 0.8041); crude protein (CP, p = 0.8854); neutral detergent fiber (NDF p = 0.0669); acid detergent lignin (ADL, p = 0.7512) and in vitro digestibility of organic matter (OMIVD, p = 0.5862). There were no interactions (p>0.05) involving the effects of the supplement and the period during the dry season for all variables associated with the characterization of the pastures. Therefore, the differences in animal performance were the result of the supplements used.

In contrast, significant changes were observed over dry period for the forage mass and for the variables associated with the sward structure (Table 2). These changes were likely the consequence of the changing climatic conditions (Figure 1), which influenced the flow of tissue in the plants. Such a pattern of variation in morphological composition of sward herbage mass through the dry season is well documented for guineagrass cv. Tanzânia (Barbosa et al., 2007).

Table 2.

Masses of dry matter (MDM) and leaves (ML), offers of dry matter (ODM) and leaves (OF), percentages of leaf (PL), stem (PS) and dead material (PDM), leaf:stem (LSR) and leaf:non-leaf ratios (LNLR), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) contents, according to the periods of the dry season

	Periodsa			SEb	p
	1	2	3
MDM (kg DM/ha)	3,435a	2,580b	2,150c	215	0.0012
ML (kg DM/ha)	2,445a	700c	1,275b	149	0.0001
ODM (kg DM/100 kg BW)	9.3a	8.3ab	6.1b	0.8	0.0220
OF (kg DM/100 kg BW)	6.7a	2.2b	3.6b	0.5	0.0001
PL (%)	71.6a	27.1c	60.4b	3.0	0.0001
PS (%)	8.8b	14.0a	13.5a	1.2	0.0084
PDM (%)	19.7b	59.1a	25.9b	3.2	0.0001
LSR	10.4a	2.2b	5.9b	1.5	0.0038
LNLR	3.1a	0.4b	2.6a	0.7	0.0371
NDF (%)	68.2b	66.6b	71.0a	0.7	0.0003
ADL (%)	2.7b	2.7b	3.8a	0.1	0.0001

Period 1: 7/22 to 8/23; Period 2: 8/24 to 9/21; Period 3: 9/22 to 10/20.

Standard error.

Means followed by different letters in the same line do not differ by the Tukey test at 5% probability.

At the beginning of the trial period (July/August), the pasture herbage mass had a high PL, which resulted in a high ML, OL, LSR and LNLR. However, during the second period (August/September), there were increases in the PS and PM and a decrease in the PL and, consequently, decreases in the OMS, OL, LSR and LNLR (Table 2). The morphological changes in these components could be explained by the soil water deficit registered during this period (Figure 1), a condition related to leaf senescence and the death of tillers (Cano et al., 2004; Mesquita et al., 2010). Moreover, considering that the animals’ diet consists mainly of leaves (Euclides, 2000; Brâncio et al., 2003; Trindade et al., 2007), a reduction in that component and increases in the PS and PDM forage mass rejected are expected.

In the third period (September/October), with the restoration of precipitation and a temperature increase (Figure 1), the reverse trend was observed: there was a decrease in the PDM and an increase in the PL and thus increases in the ML, OL, LSR and LNLR (Table 2). Decreases in the PL during the dry season and increases in early spring were also found by Euclides et al. (2007a) for grazed guineagrass.

Despite increases in the NDF and ADL in the third period (Table 2), the content of IVDOM (p = 0.3785) was similar in all three periods, with the average and its standard error being 65.5%±2.1. In addition, there was no difference between the periods for the content of CP (p = 0.4076), which averaged of 11.0%±0.9. In general, the nutritional value during the experimental period was higher than that observed by Euclides et al. (2007b) for Guineagrass pasture grass during the same period.

There was no effect of supplement use on the consumption of dry forage (CF; Table 3). These results were similar to the values of 2.05 kg DM per 100 kg body weight (BW) and 1.9 kg DM per 100 kg of BW reported by Euclides et al. (1999) and Brâncio et al. (2003), respectively, in a Guineagrass pasture during the dry period. As the supply of concentrate was limited to 0.8% of body weight and was completely consumed, the total consumption of dry matter forage plus supplement (CFS) for the supplement based on corn (COS) had a CFS similar to the supplement based on soybean hulls (SOH, Table 3). This result is opposite to that observed by Van Soest (1994) and Dixon and Stockdale (1999) who reported greater dry matter intakes when foods with high levels of non-starch polysaccharides compounds were used as supplements.

Table 3.

Consumption of dry forage (CF), total dry matter (CFS), crude protein (CPB), neutral detergent fiber (CNDF), the replacement rate of forage intake by the consumption of concentrate, initial and final body weight (BW), and average daily gain (ADG) of animals supplemented with mineral salt (MS), supplements based on corn (COS) or supplements based on soybean hulls (SOH) in Guineagrass pasture grass during the dry period

Item	Treatments			SEa	p
	MS	COS	SOH
CF (kg/100 kg BW)	2.16	1.91	1.96	0.10	0.2811
CFS (kg/100 kg BW)	-	2.62	2.68	0.11	0.3406
CCP (kg/100 kg BW)	0.24b	0.44a	0.42a	0.01	0.0001
CNDF (kg/100 kg BW)	1.51	1.41	1.60	0.07	0.1274
Substitution rate (%)		−0.36	−0.28	0.12	0.6127
Initial BW (kg)	269	263	270
Final BW (kg)	311b	344a	356a	10.7	0.0065
ADG (g animal−1 d)	0.530b	0.937a	0.982a	0.04	0.0001

Standard error. Means followed by same letters in row did not differ by the Tukey test at 5% probability.

Regardless of supplementation, the crude protein from the pasture was similar (p = 0.2326); however, as the supplements contained approximately 28% CP (Table 1), the animals that received the SOH and GM supplements showed a higher CCP than those receiving only MS (Table 3). Deficiencies of specific nutrients can limit intake (Minson, 1990). Therefore, the animals were supplemented with mineral salt ad libitum, and it can be assumed that consumption was not limited by macro- and microelements. In addition, a CP content of less than 7% can drastically reduce the intake (Minson, 1990). However, the forage intake contained approximately 11% CP (Table 3); thus, the protein was not the limiting factor in consumption.

The intake of NDF for animals receiving different supplements was similar (Table 3). A result in line with results reported elsewhere for animals grazing guineagrass pasture grass during the dry season (Euclides et al., 1999; Gontijo Neto et al., 2006). The control mechanism for forage intake was likely the physical distension of the reticulo-rumen, as suggested by Mertens (1994), when the NDF intake was greater than 12 g per kg of PS; thus, consumption is limited by the filling of the rumen.

In addition to the NDF, the herbage mass and sward structure may be important in controlling the intake of forage by animals grazing on Guineagrass (Euclides et al., 1999; Brâncio et al., 2003; Gontijo Neto et al., 2006). These conditions were evaluated (Table 2) in the second period when the forage intake ODM was within the range considered to be optimal, which according to Hodgson (1990), is a supply of forage from three to four times the daily needs of the animal. Therefore, the dry matter supply has not limited forage intake. However, during this same period, the pastures had a lower PL, LSR and LNLR (Table 2), suggesting that the sward structure was unfavorable to selective grazing and likely could have been another factor limiting the intake of forage. In the Carvalho et al. (2008) study, the presence of stems and dead material on the grazing horizon limited the depth of the bite, and it is common in this condition to observe an increase in time per bite and bite rate reduction (Palhano et al., 2007; Trindade et al., 2007) and an increase in daily grazing time (Difante et al., 2009).

Although the supplement intake did not significantly influence the consumption of herbage, there was a rate of substitution (Table 3). According to Dixon and Stockdale (1999) and Moore et al. (1999), a negative substitution coefficient indicates that the supplement reduced the intake of forage. According to the assumptions made by Moore et al. (1999) to explain the substitution effect, two factors could explain the reduction in dietary forage: a TDN:CP less than 7, which in this experiment was 5.37, and a voluntary consumption of forage without supplementation greater than 1.75% of PV, which in this study was 2.16% of BW. It is important to adequately assess the effects of substitution, to accurately predict the effect the rate of substitution, and to increase the stocking rate of pastures, which represents an alternative auxiliary management strategy during the dry period when the herbage mass is generally low.

Animal performance was not influenced by genetic group (p = 0.4118), and there was no interaction (p = 0.5162) between the effects of genetic group and supplementation. All animals gained weight, whereas those supplemented with concentrate had higher gains than the non-supplemented animals (Table 3). For both sources of energy, the observed gains were similar to those obtained by Brito et al. (2008), who supplemented Canchin steers on palisadegrass pasture during the dry season with concentrates balanced for different levels of production. However, there was no difference in the average daily gain (ADG) of the animals supplemented with COS or SOH (Table 3). The lack of an effect from the energy source in the supplement composition on animal performance was also observed by Garcia et al. (2004), Agulhon et al. (2005) and Moraes et al. (2006).

The low response obtained with the mineral supplement was due to the limitation of not meeting the nutritional requirements of the animals (Lana, 2002). However, the result was close to that found by Euclides 2001 in Guineagrass pasture and Garcia (2005) in pastures of B. decumbens, who observed, respectively, gains of 530 and 410 g/animal/d for animals receiving 0.2% of the protein salt.

An interaction was observed (p = 0.0083) between the effect of the supplement and the period (month of dry season) for the ADG. Animals receiving only MS gained less weight than those receiving COS or SOH, except in the third period, when the ADG was similar for the different supplementations (Table 4). During the second period, animals supplemented with MS and SOH had lower a ADG than in other periods because the animals supplemented with COS had a similar ADG in all three periods (Table 4). There were no differences in the CP content and IVDOM throughout the dry season, and the NDF and ADL were similar to value in the first period and were above the value from the third period, which likely indicates that the limited animal production in the second period was not due to nutrition-related factors associated with the feeding behavior of the animals. In this context, the low supplies of leaf and sward structures, characterized by a low PL, LSR and LNLR (Table 2), were the limiting factors for forage intake by the grazing animals, as discussed earlier, and consequently, animal performance.

Table 4.

Average daily gain (kg animal−1 d) of animals receiving different types of supplements, according to the periods in the dry season

	Treatments			Mean
	MS	COS	SOH
Period 1	0.608Ab	0.936Aa	1.096Aa	0.880
Period 2	0.133Bb	0.845Aa	0.736Ba	0.570
Period 3	0.870Aa	1.033Aa	1.120Aa	1.008

Period 1: 7/22 to 8/23; Period 2: 8/24 to 9/21; Period 3: 9/22 to 10/22.

Means followed by the same letters, uppercase and lowercase letters in the row in the column do not differ by the Tukey test at 5% probability.

However, despite the lower nutritional value (Table 2), the animals had an increase in ADG from the second to third periods (Table 4), which can be explained by the increase in the PL in the same period; this increase resulted in a higher ML and a sward structure more conducive to grazing animals (Table 2) due to the regrowth of pastures following increases in precipitation amount and temperature (Figure 1).

The estimates of weight gain as a function of metabolizable energy intake, calculated (crossbred males with 340 kg BW) according to the CNCPS (2003), were similar to the observed weight gains (Tables 4 and 5).

Table 5.

Consumption of metabolizable energy (ME, Mcal/d) and metabolizable protein (MP, g/d) for maintenance, weight and total gain

Item	SM		GM		CS
	ME	MP	ME	MP	ME	MP
Maintenance	8.97	335	8.71	366	8.73	387
Gain	4.59	140	10.91	309	11.51	322
Total	13.7	475	19.62	675	20.24	709
Estimated gain (kg/d)	0.43	0.49	1.00	1.54	1.05	1.45

Estimate of weight gain according to the supplements used. Estimated values of the CNCPS 5.0.

However, there was an overestimation of the values of weight gain due to the consumption of metabolizable COS and SOH protein supplements of 60 and 44%, respectively. This result shows that energy was the most limiting nutrient for weight gain and that it is possible that the protein contained in the COS and SOH supplements was not utilized in its entirety to provide increased ADG, as estimated by CNCPS (Table 5). Thus, supplements with the lowest amount of protein could have been used under these conditions without diminishing performance.

The estimated consumption and performance calculated using the mathematical models developed for the different conditions, such as the CNCPS, still need to be adapted to tropical systems, such as those in Brazil. These models, in general, underestimate consumption (Jorge et al., 1997; Cappelle et al., 2001; Gesualdi Jr. et al., 2005); however, these underestimates are lower when the animals are crossbred (Machado Neto et al., 2010).

The animals supplemented with COS or SOH concentrates had a feed conversion of 2.52 and 2.48, respectively. For both sources of energy, the results indicate that the observed conversions used in conjunction with the pasture were able to provide higher gains than the value of 3.54 reported by Garcia (2005), with a supplemental energy /protein of 0.8%.

As discussed, other studies have been performed with cows and calves using soybean hulls in the diet (Miron et al., 2004; Garcia, 2005; Pedroso et al., 2007), and the data from this study demonstrate the feasibility of replacing the usual concentrates in cattle feed, such as corn, with the hulls of soybeans.

CONCLUSIONS

The use of soybean hulls in place of corn as a supplemented source of energy did not increase the dry matter intake of Guineagrass during the dry period when both were provided based on a 0.8% body weight to promote the substitution effect.

The choice of corn or soybeans depends on the price and availability on the market, as there is no difference in consumption and animal performance.