ADP-ribosylation of P2X7: a matter of life and death for regulatory T cells and natural killer T cells.

ADP-ribosyltransferases comprise a family of enzymes originally discovered as bacterial toxins and later characterised also in mammals. In mice, the ADP-ribosyltransferase ARTC2.2 is expressed at the surface of T lymphocytes and has been studied extensively. In the presence of extracellular NAD(+), ARTC2.2 ADP-ribosylates several cell surface target proteins and thereby regulates their function. P2X7, an ATP-gated cation channel, has been discovered as a prominent ARTC2.2 target at the surface of mouse T cells. ADP-ribosylation of P2X7 in the presence of low micromolar extracellular NAD(+) induces long-lasting P2X7 activation and triggers cell death. Regulatory T cell subsets (Tregs and NKT cells) are remarkably sensitive to NAD(+)-induced cell death (NICD). Thus, liberation of endogenous NAD(+) by stressed cells is now viewed as a danger signal promoting immune responses by hindering regulatory T cells. This review will highlight the recent discoveries on the in vivo role of the ARTC2.2/P2X7 pathway triggered by the endogenous release of extracellular NAD(+), the relative sensitivity of lymphocytes subsets to this regulatory pathway and its pharmacological manipulation using camelid-derived ARTC2.2-blocking nanobodies.