Nanomedicine scale-up technologies: feasibilities and challenges.

Nanomedicine refers to biomedical and pharmaceutical applications of nanosized cargos of drugs/vaccine/DNA therapeutics including nanoparticles, nanoclusters, and nanospheres. Such particles have unique characteristics related to their size, surface, drug loading, and targeting potential. They are widely used to combat disease by controlled delivery of bioactive(s) or for diagnosis of life-threatening problems in their very early stage. The bioactive agent can be combined with a diagnostic agent in a nanodevice for theragnostic applications. However, the formulation scientist faces numerous challenges related to their development, scale-up feasibilities, regulatory aspects, and commercialization. This article reviews recent progress in the method of development of nanoparticles with a focus on polymeric and lipid nanoparticles, their scale-up techniques, and challenges in their commercialization.