Panoopat Poompruek1, Pimpawun Boonmongkon2, Thomas E Guadamuz3. 1. Department of Society and Health, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Mahidol University, Thailand; Department of Community Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Thailand. 2. Department of Society and Health, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Mahidol University, Thailand; Center for Health Policy Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Mahidol University, Thailand. 3. Department of Society and Health, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Mahidol University, Thailand. Electronic address: tguadamu@hotmail.com.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The Thai term kathoei refers to non-gender-normative females, males and intersexual individuals at different stages of the transitional spectrum with recognized social and cultural roles in society. Nevertheless, kathoeis are only tolerated in Thai society. Many kathoeis seek social acceptance through beauty and turn to the off-label injection of various 'beauty drugs'. METHODS: The first author conducted an ethnographic study of injection parties at a wedding studio in a Central Thai provincial city between April and September 2011. Data were gathered through participant observation, focus group discussions and narrative interviews with six participants. All data were collected and analyzed in Thai, and later translated. RESULTS: While injection parties provide opportunities for kathoeis to socialize, bond, and share experiential knowledge on chemically assisted transformation, they also reproduce ideologies of gender, beauty and sexuality that reinforce the notion that if a kathoei is to maintain her beauty, she must use medicines more frequently and in higher doses. CONCLUSION: Injection parties among Thai kathoeis feature drug use that is entirely reasonable in terms of their own lay knowledge. Empowering kathoeis, by providing accessible information on chemicals and health in a way that reflects the complexity and diversity of their practices, would be one way to reduce health risks. Society must give more long-term options to kathoeis to build their sense of self, based on things besides being beautiful.
BACKGROUND: The Thai term kathoei refers to non-gender-normative females, males and intersexual individuals at different stages of the transitional spectrum with recognized social and cultural roles in society. Nevertheless, kathoeis are only tolerated in Thai society. Many kathoeis seek social acceptance through beauty and turn to the off-label injection of various 'beauty drugs'. METHODS: The first author conducted an ethnographic study of injection parties at a wedding studio in a Central Thai provincial city between April and September 2011. Data were gathered through participant observation, focus group discussions and narrative interviews with six participants. All data were collected and analyzed in Thai, and later translated. RESULTS: While injection parties provide opportunities for kathoeis to socialize, bond, and share experiential knowledge on chemically assisted transformation, they also reproduce ideologies of gender, beauty and sexuality that reinforce the notion that if a kathoei is to maintain her beauty, she must use medicines more frequently and in higher doses. CONCLUSION: Injection parties among Thai kathoeis feature drug use that is entirely reasonable in terms of their own lay knowledge. Empowering kathoeis, by providing accessible information on chemicals and health in a way that reflects the complexity and diversity of their practices, would be one way to reduce health risks. Society must give more long-term options to kathoeis to build their sense of self, based on things besides being beautiful.
Authors: Thomas E Guadamuz; Wipas Wimonsate; Anchalee Varangrat; Praphan Phanuphak; Rapeepun Jommaroeng; Janet M McNicholl; Philip A Mock; Jordan W Tappero; Frits van Griensven Journal: AIDS Behav Date: 2011-04
Authors: Thomas E Guadamuz; Wipas Wimonsate; Anchalee Varangrat; Praphan Phanuphak; Rapeepun Jommaroeng; Philip A Mock; Jordan W Tappero; Frits van Griensven Journal: Arch Sex Behav Date: 2009-10-15