Metabolomic analysis indicates a pivotal role of the hepatotoxin microcystin in high light adaptation of Microcystis.

Microcystis is a freshwater cyanobacterium frequently forming nuisance blooms in the summer months. The genus belongs to the predominant producers of the potent hepatotoxin microcystin. The success of Microcystis and its remarkable resistance to high light conditions are not well understood. Here, we have compared the metabolic response of Microcystis aeruginosa PCC7806, its microcystin-deficient ΔmcyB mutant (Mut) and the cyanobacterial model organism Synechocystis PCC6803 to high light exposure of 250 μmol photons m(-2)  s(-1) using GC/MS-based metabolomics. Microcystis wild type and Mut show pronounced differences in their metabolic reprogramming upon high light. Seventeen per cent of the detected metabolites showed significant differences between the two genotypes after high light exposure. Whereas the microcystin-producing wild type shows a faster accumulation of glycolate upon high light illumination, loss of microcystin leads to an accumulation of general stress markers such as trehalose and sucrose. The study further uncovers differences in the high light adaptation of the bloom-forming cyanobacterium Microcystis and the model cyanobacterium Synechocystis. Most notably, Microcystis invests more into carbon reserves such as glycogen after high light exposure. Our data shed new light on the lifestyle of bloom-forming cyanobacteria, the role of the widespread toxin microcystin and the metabolic diversity of cyanobacteria.