Does a single Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolation predict COPD mortality?

To the Editor:

Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) often suffer from acute exacerbations (AECOPD) of their disease, which have a significant impact on their health status [1]. Evidence suggests that ∼50% of these exacerbations are attributable to bacteria [2]. Pseudomonas aeruginosa can cause AECOPD and is associated with reduced survival in cystic fibrosis (CF) and bronchiectasis [3, 4]. Some studies have found that the presence of P. aeruginosa is also associated with mortality in COPD, but these findings have been based on patients hospitalised with exacerbations [5, 6] or those hospitalised with multidrug-resistant organisms [7].

The impact of P. aeruginosa identified in sputum from COPD outpatients is less clear but is an important issue for determining how aggressive strategies to attempt eradication should be. Therefore, we conducted a nested case–control study to investigate whether the isolation of P. aeruginosa in the sputum of a general COPD population was associated with long-term mortality.

We first identified all sputum specimen results from Royal Brompton Hospital (London, UK) microbiology records between 2000 and 2012. These were cross-correlated with patients listed on our COPD research audit database. The reason for obtaining a sputum culture was not recorded systematically, but included repeated exacerbations and deterioration in symptom severity and/or clinical status, as well as opportunistic collection from patients with chronic sputum production. The laboratory threshold for a culture to be considered P. aeruginosa positive was 200 CFU·mL−1 (a semi-quantitative method). For patients with repeated positive sputum cultures the date of the first culture was recorded. Demographic variables, lung function measurements, gas transfer data, arterial blood gases and exacerbation frequency during the year prior to entering the study were recorded for all patients.

All analyses were performed using the Predictive Analytics Software (version 18; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Group comparisons were conducted utilising a t-test or the Chi-squared test as appropriate. Proportional Cox hazard analysis was utilised to assess: 1) the impact of parameters that differed between P. aeruginosa culture-positive and culture-negative groups and 2) the impact of antibiotic treatment on mortality. The proportionality hazard assumption was tested using partial residual plots (Schoenberg residuals proportionality hazard test). The Kaplan–Meier survival curve with the Log rank comparison was used to assess the impact of P. aeruginosa isolation on mortality and estimate the median survival of the P. aeruginosa culture-positive and culture-negative groups. A p-value <0.05 was considered significant.

The initial cohort consisted of 380 subjects (247 male and 133 female), with a mean±sd age of 66.3±10.3 years and a forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) of 36.7±18.3 % predicted. 95 (25%) patients from the initial population had at least one positive sputum culture for P. aeruginosa, while the rest had either negative cultures or cultured bacteria other than P. aeruginosa. 66 P. aeruginosa culture-positive patients from the initial cohort were matched to another 66 P. aeruginosa culture-negative patients for sex, age and FEV1 % predicted.

Differences in demographics and clinical characteristics between the initial COPD cohort and the study population, and P. aeruginosa culture-positive and culture-negative patients are presented in table 1. Although the initial matching was done according to three baseline variables, the two final groups were found to be similar in all recorded parameters of lung function (forced vital capacity, FEV1/forced vital capacity, diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide, transfer coefficient of the lung for carbon monoxide, total lung capacity, residual volume and residual volume/total lung capacity), as well as body mass index and arterial oxygen tension. Arterial carbon dioxide tension (p=0.018) and exacerbation rate (p=0.008) were higher in the P. aeruginosa culture-positive patients compared to the P. aeruginosa culture-negative patients (table 1). However, proportional Cox hazard analysis, which was conducted separately for each group, indicated that exacerbation rate had no impact on mortality (P. aeruginosa culture-positive: hazard ratio 1.334 (95% CI 0.351–5.067), p=0.672; P. aeruginosa culture-negative: hazard ratio 2.161 (95% CI 0.576–8.112), p=0.253). The results were similar for arterial carbon dioxide tension (P. aeruginosa culture-positive: hazard ratio 1.134 (95% CI 0.758–1.697), p=0.539; P. aeruginosa culture-negative: hazard ratio 1.074 (95% CI 0.842–1.369), p=0.572), indicating that it was not associated with survival.

Table 1–

Baseline differences between the initial cohort and the study population, and the Pseudomonas aeruginosa culture-positive and culture-negative groups

	Initial cohort	Study population	p-value#	P. aeruginosa culture-positive group	P.aeruginosa culture-negative group	p-value¶
Subjects n	380	132		66	66
Age years	65.4±10.9	68±8.8	0.011	68±8.8	68.3±9	0.969
Sex %
Male				51.1	51.1	0.999
Female				47.4	47.4
BMI m·kg−2	24.7±5.2	24±6.3	0.257	23.6±5.8	24.4±6.8	0.497
FEV1 % predicted	38.6±20.1 (9–81.1)	33.6±14.7 (12.6–72.4)	0.008	33.4±14.5 (12.6–72.4)	33.8±14.9 (12.9–71)	0.882
FEV1/FVC %	40.6±21.2 (13–69.8)	36.1±16.8 (13.5–69.8)	0.029	35±12.1 (14.1–69.8)	37.2±20.7 (13.5–69.5)	0.456
DLCO % predicted	43.7±18.1	40.8±17.4	0.157	41.5±18.2	40.1±16.7	0.663
KCO % predicted	54.8±21.6	54±22.1	0.747	55.5±21.8	52.5±22.4	0.448
TLC % predicted	123.7±19.6	122.7±17	0.662	121.1±18.1	124.5±15.6	0.286
RV % predicted	205.1±61.9	203.3±53	0.780	206±52.8	200.5±53.6	0.569
RV/TLC	155.2±32.7	157±32.1	0.639	60.3±9.8	59.4±11.6	0.647
PaO2 kPa	9.5±1.4	9.0±1.5	0.014	9.1±1.4	8.9±1.8	0.440
PaCO2 kPa	5.3±0.8	5.5±1.1	0.116	5.3±0.9	5.8±1.4	0.018
Exacerbations per year	1.9±0.7	2.1±0.7	0.086	2.3±0.7	1.9±0.7	0.008

Data are presented as mean±sd or mean±sd (range), unless otherwise stated. Bold signifies statistical significance. BMI: body mass index; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC: forced vital capacity; DLCO: diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide; KCO: transfer coefficient of the lung for carbon monoxide; TLC: total lung capacity; RV: residual volume; PaO: arterial oxygen tension; PaCO: arterial carbon dioxide tension. #: level of significance for comparison between the initial cohort and the study population; ¶: level of significance for comparison between the P. aeruginosa culture-positive and culture-negative groups.

Median (range) survival for the study population (n=132) was 81.2 (50.8–109.5) months. During this period 51 (38.6%) patients died, of these 52.9% (n=27) were P. aeruginosa culture-positive and 47.1% (n=24) were P. aeruginosa culture-negative. The Kaplan–Meier survival curve, using the Log rank comparison, indicated that P. aeruginosa positive sputum culture was not associated with mortality in this population. Median (range) survival for P. aeruginosa culture-positive patients was 80.1 (40.1–120.1) months compared to 88.6 (52–125.3) months in the P. aeruginosa culture-negative patients (p=0.49) (fig. 1). Furthermore, no differences in survival as a function of the presence of Pseudomonas would have been identified if the entire population of 380 had been analysed (data not shown).

Figure 1–

Kaplan–Meier survival curve for the Pseudomonas aeruginosa culture-positive and P. aeruginosa culture-negative groups. p=0.49 for P. aeruginosa culture-negative patients.

A secondary analysis was also undertaken to identify whether Pseudomonas eradication treatment among P. aeruginosa culture-positive patients had any impact on survival. Sputum samples were ordered on a clinical basis and the decision of whether to attempt to eradicate Pseudomonas was at the discretion of the treating physician. Out of 66 P. aeruginosa culture-positive patients, 34 (25.8%) did not receive any treatment while 32 (24.2%) were treated either with oral ciprofloxacin or appropriate intravenous antibiotics, depending on resistance pattern. These two patient subgroups were similar regarding age, sex, body mass index, pulmonary function testing variables and exacerbation rate (data not shown). Cox proportional hazard analysis indicated that P. aeruginosa treatment was not associated with mortality (hazard ratio 1.452 (95% CI 0.666–3.163), p=0.348) among P. aeruginosa culture-positive patients.

This study indicates that a single isolate of P. aeruginosa in sputum from a general COPD population is not associated with worse survival. Recently, three different patterns of P. aeruginosa infection in COPD patients have been described: 1) short carriage and clearance of a P. aeruginosa strain; 2) acquisition of a new strain associated with an AECOPD; and 3) persistence of P. aeruginosa colonisation with unknown clinical significance [8]. Although the specific pattern of P. aeruginosa infection was not investigated in the current study, our results indicate that even though a single positive P. aeruginosa sputum culture was correlated with a higher exacerbation frequency, it was not associated with a worse long-term outcome in COPD outpatients.

The results of our study may, to some extent, be limited by its retrospective design and by the relatively small number of patients included, although a formal power estimation was not conducted. However, most of the published studies in the field have used similar sample sizes to investigate the potential impact of P. aeruginosa infection on COPD survival [2, 6, 9]. Another limitation is the lack of baseline data on exercise capacity, dyspnoea severity and frequency of previous hospitalisations, all of which could have affected mortality. Moreover, high-resolution computed tomography of the chest was not systematically conducted in all patients so the prevalence of bronchiectasis, a factor which could have favoured P. aeruginosa infection, could not be estimated; although it should be noted that our institution runs separate clinics for patients known to have either CF or non-CF bronchiectasis. However, several of these prognostic factors [6, 7] and imaging data [6, 7, 9] are also lacking in previously published studies that investigated the effect of P. aeruginosa on COPD mortality. Furthermore, careful patient matching has controlled for most of the lung function parameters that could affect mortality [10], so these negative results could not be attributed to a selected patient subgroup.

In conclusion, this study indicated that a single P. aeruginosa sputum isolation is not a predictor of long-term mortality in a general COPD outpatient population. Current clinical practice usually targets P. aeruginosa eradication using radical treatment, after its isolation in the sputum of a COPD patient with clinical deterioration or frequent exacerbations. Although eradicating Pseudomonas may be justified to improve health status, patients and clinicians can, to an extent, be reassured by these data that if this is not possible the impact on survival of a single P. aeruginosa isolation is not as significant as it is in CF [3] or bronchiectasis [4]. Future prospective, case–control studies are needed in order to define exact criteria for chronic P. aeruginosa infection in COPD patients and the best stratification criteria for a clinical trial of P. aeruginosa eradication in COPD.