Sameer Lakha1, Jorge E Gomez2, Raja M Flores3, Juan P Wisnivesky4. 1. Division of General Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY. Electronic address: slakha@post.harvard.edu. 2. Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY. 3. Department of Thoracic Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY. 4. Division of General Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Visceral pleural invasion (VPI) may impact non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) survival. However, previous studies are mixed as to whether VPI is an independent prognostic factor in early-stage cancers and whether its effect is size dependent. In the current American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system, VPI leads to upstaging of cancers < 3 cm but not of those 3 to 7 cm in size. METHODS: Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry, we identified 16,315 patients with stage I-II NSCLC treated with lobectomy. We used the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression to assess the association of VPI with lung cancer-specific (primary outcome) and overall survival. Based on these results, we created a revised VPI staging classification. RESULTS: Overall, 3,389 patients (21%) had VPI. Kaplan-Meier analysis stratified by tumor size showed worse cancer-specific survival in patients with VPI (P < .0001). VPI was independently associated with decreased lung cancer-specific survival (hazard ratio, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.29-1.47) after controlling for tumor size and other confounders; this effect was not size dependent. In our revised classification, tumors < 7 cm with VPI were upstaged to the next T category. CONCLUSIONS: VPI is a prevalent finding associated with worse prognosis in early-stage lung cancer, even among patients with tumors > 3 cm, a factor not captured in the current staging system. Patients with VPI may be considered candidates for more aggressive treatment.
BACKGROUND:Visceral pleural invasion (VPI) may impact non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) survival. However, previous studies are mixed as to whether VPI is an independent prognostic factor in early-stage cancers and whether its effect is size dependent. In the current American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system, VPI leads to upstaging of cancers < 3 cm but not of those 3 to 7 cm in size. METHODS: Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry, we identified 16,315 patients with stage I-II NSCLC treated with lobectomy. We used the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression to assess the association of VPI with lung cancer-specific (primary outcome) and overall survival. Based on these results, we created a revised VPI staging classification. RESULTS: Overall, 3,389 patients (21%) had VPI. Kaplan-Meier analysis stratified by tumor size showed worse cancer-specific survival in patients with VPI (P < .0001). VPI was independently associated with decreased lung cancer-specific survival (hazard ratio, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.29-1.47) after controlling for tumor size and other confounders; this effect was not size dependent. In our revised classification, tumors < 7 cm with VPI were upstaged to the next T category. CONCLUSIONS: VPI is a prevalent finding associated with worse prognosis in early-stage lung cancer, even among patients with tumors > 3 cm, a factor not captured in the current staging system. Patients with VPI may be considered candidates for more aggressive treatment.
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