Matrix metalloproteinases, atherosclerosis, proteinuria and kidney disease: Linkage-based approaches.

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are important enzymes of extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation for creating the cellular environments required during development and morphogenesis. MMPs, collectively called matrixins, regulate also the biological activity of non matrix substrates such as cytokines, chemokines, receptors, growth factors and cell adhesion molecules. Enzymatic activity is regulated at multiple levels. Endogenous specific inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) participate in controlling the local activities of MMPs in tissues. The pathological effects of MMPs and TIMPs are involved in cardiovascular disease (CVD) processes, including atherosclerosis and in a number of renal pathophysiologic alterations, both acute and chronic, linking them to acute kidney injury, glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. This review presents an overview of the place of MMPs in atherosclerosis, proteinuria and kidney disease as a subject of considerable interest, given the differentiated and ambiguous role of MMPs in the progression of these diseases.