Ubiquitin-proteasome system in spermatogenesis.

Spermatogenesis represents a complex succession of cell division and differentiation events resulting in the continuous formation of spermatozoa. Such a complex program requires precise expression of enzymes and structural proteins which is effected not only by regulation of gene transcription and translation, but also by targeted protein degradation. In this chapter, we review current knowledge about the role of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in spermatogenesis, describing both proteolytic and non-proteolytic functions of ubiquitination. Ubiquitination plays essential roles in the establishment of both spermatogonial stem cells and differentiating spermatogonia from gonocytes. It also plays critical roles in several key processes during meiosis such as genetic recombination and sex chromosome silencing. Finally, in spermiogenesis, we summarize current knowledge of the role of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in nucleosome removal and establishment of key structures in the mature spermatid. Many mechanisms remain to be precisely defined, but present knowledge indicates that research in this area has significant potential to translate into benefits that will address problems in both human and animal reproduction.