Salvatore Vitale1, Ryan Lynch1, John Veitch2, Vivien Raymond3, Riccardo Sturani4. 1. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 185 Albany Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA. 2. Nikhef, Science Park 105, Amsterdam 1098XG, The Netherlands and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom. 3. LIGO Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, MC 100-36, Pasadena, California 91125, USA. 4. ICTP South American Institute for Fundamental Research & Instituto de Física Teórica, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, São Paulo 011040-070, Brasil.
Abstract
Compact binary coalescences are the most promising sources of gravitational waves (GWs) for ground-based detectors. Binary systems containing one or two spinning black holes are particularly interesting due to spin-orbit (and eventual spin-spin) interactions and the opportunity of measuring spins directly through GW observations. In this Letter, we analyze simulated signals emitted by spinning binaries with several values of masses, spins, orientations, and signal-to-noise ratios, as detected by an advanced LIGO-Virgo network. We find that for moderate or high signal-to-noise ratio the spin magnitudes can be estimated with errors of a few percent (5%-30%) for neutron star-black hole (black hole-black hole) systems. Spins' tilt angle can be estimated with errors of 0.04 rad in the best cases, but typical values will be above 0.1 rad. Errors will be larger for signals barely above the threshold for detection. The difference in the azimuth angles of the spins, which may be used to check if spins are locked into resonant configurations, cannot be constrained. We observe that the best performances are obtained when the line of sight is perpendicular to the system's total angular momentum and that a sudden change of behavior occurs when a system is observed from angles such that the plane of the orbit can be seen both from above and below during the time the signal is in band. This study suggests that direct measurement of black hole spin by means of GWs can be as precise as what can be obtained from x-ray binaries.
Compact binary coalescences are the most promising sources of gravitational waves (GWs) for ground-based detectors. Binary systems containing one or two spinning black holes are particularly interesting due to spin-orbit (and eventual spin-spin) interactions and the opportunity of measuring spins directly through GW observations. In this Letter, we analyze simulated signals emitted by spinning binaries with several values of masses, spins, orientations, and signal-to-noise ratios, as detected by an advanced LIGO-Virgo network. We find that for moderate or high signal-to-noise ratio the spin magnitudes can be estimated with errors of a few percent (5%-30%) for neutron star-black hole (black hole-black hole) systems. Spins' tilt angle can be estimated with errors of 0.04 rad in the best cases, but typical values will be above 0.1 rad. Errors will be larger for signals barely above the threshold for detection. The difference in the azimuth angles of the spins, which may be used to check if spins are locked into resonant configurations, cannot be constrained. We observe that the best performances are obtained when the line of sight is perpendicular to the system's total angular momentum and that a sudden change of behavior occurs when a system is observed from angles such that the plane of the orbit can be seen both from above and below during the time the signal is in band. This study suggests that direct measurement of black hole spin by means of GWs can be as precise as what can be obtained from x-ray binaries.
Authors: B P Abbott; R Abbott; T D Abbott; S Abraham; F Acernese; K Ackley; C Adams; V B Adya; C Affeldt; M Agathos; K Agatsuma; N Aggarwal; O D Aguiar; L Aiello; A Ain; P Ajith; T Akutsu; G Allen; A Allocca; M A Aloy; P A Altin; A Amato; A Ananyeva; S B Anderson; W G Anderson; M Ando; S V Angelova; S Antier; S Appert; K Arai; Koya Arai; Y Arai; S Araki; A Araya; M C Araya; J S Areeda; M Arène; N Aritomi; N Arnaud; K G Arun; S Ascenzi; G Ashton; Y Aso; S M Aston; P Astone; F Aubin; P Aufmuth; K AultONeal; C Austin; V Avendano; A Avila-Alvarez; S Babak; P Bacon; F Badaracco; M K M Bader; S W Bae; Y B Bae; L Baiotti; R Bajpai; P T Baker; F Baldaccini; G Ballardin; S W Ballmer; S Banagiri; J C Barayoga; S E Barclay; B C Barish; D Barker; K Barkett; S Barnum; F Barone; B Barr; L Barsotti; M Barsuglia; D Barta; J Bartlett; M A Barton; I Bartos; R Bassiri; A Basti; M Bawaj; J C Bayley; M Bazzan; B Bécsy; M Bejger; I Belahcene; A S Bell; D Beniwal; B K Berger; G Bergmann; S Bernuzzi; J J Bero; C P L Berry; D Bersanetti; A Bertolini; J Betzwieser; R Bhandare; J Bidler; I A Bilenko; S A Bilgili; G Billingsley; J Birch; R Birney; O Birnholtz; S Biscans; S Biscoveanu; A Bisht; M Bitossi; M A Bizouard; J K Blackburn; C D Blair; D G Blair; R M Blair; S Bloemen; N Bode; M Boer; Y Boetzel; G Bogaert; F Bondu; E Bonilla; R Bonnand; P Booker; B A Boom; C D Booth; R Bork; V Boschi; S Bose; K Bossie; V Bossilkov; J Bosveld; Y Bouffanais; A Bozzi; C Bradaschia; P R Brady; A Bramley; M Branchesi; J E Brau; T Briant; J H Briggs; F Brighenti; A Brillet; M Brinkmann; V Brisson; P Brockill; A F Brooks; D A Brown; D D Brown; S Brunett; A Buikema; T Bulik; H J Bulten; A Buonanno; D Buskulic; C Buy; R L Byer; M Cabero; L Cadonati; G Cagnoli; C Cahillane; J Calderón Bustillo; T A Callister; E Calloni; J B Camp; W A Campbell; M Canepa; K Cannon; K C Cannon; H Cao; J Cao; E Capocasa; F Carbognani; S Caride; M F Carney; G Carullo; J Casanueva Diaz; C Casentini; S Caudill; M Cavaglià; F Cavalier; R Cavalieri; G Cella; P Cerdá-Durán; G Cerretani; E Cesarini; O Chaibi; K Chakravarti; S J Chamberlin; M Chan; M L Chan; S Chao; P Charlton; E A Chase; E Chassande-Mottin; D Chatterjee; M Chaturvedi; K Chatziioannou; B D Cheeseboro; C S Chen; H Y Chen; K H Chen; X Chen; Y Chen; Y R Chen; H-P Cheng; C K Cheong; H Y Chia; A Chincarini; A Chiummo; G Cho; H S Cho; M Cho; N Christensen; H Y Chu; Q Chu; Y K Chu; S Chua; K W Chung; S Chung; G Ciani; A A Ciobanu; R Ciolfi; F Cipriano; A Cirone; F Clara; J A Clark; P Clearwater; F Cleva; C Cocchieri; E Coccia; P-F Cohadon; D Cohen; R Colgan; M Colleoni; C G Collette; C Collins; L R Cominsky; M Constancio; L Conti; S J Cooper; P Corban; T R Corbitt; I Cordero-Carrión; K R Corley; N Cornish; A Corsi; S Cortese; C A Costa; R Cotesta; M W Coughlin; S B Coughlin; J-P Coulon; S T Countryman; P Couvares; P B Covas; E E Cowan; D M Coward; M J Cowart; D C Coyne; R Coyne; J D E Creighton; T D Creighton; J Cripe; M Croquette; S G Crowder; T J Cullen; A Cumming; L Cunningham; E Cuoco; T Dal Canton; G Dálya; S L Danilishin; S D'Antonio; K Danzmann; A Dasgupta; C F Da Silva Costa; L E H Datrier; V Dattilo; I Dave; M Davier; D Davis; E J Daw; D DeBra; M Deenadayalan; J Degallaix; M De Laurentis; S Deléglise; W Del Pozzo; L M DeMarchi; N Demos; T Dent; R De Pietri; J Derby; R De Rosa; C De Rossi; R DeSalvo; O de Varona; S Dhurandhar; M C Díaz; T Dietrich; L Di Fiore; M Di Giovanni; T Di Girolamo; A Di Lieto; B Ding; S Di Pace; I Di Palma; F Di Renzo; A Dmitriev; Z Doctor; K Doi; F Donovan; K L Dooley; S Doravari; I Dorrington; T P Downes; M Drago; J C Driggers; Z Du; J-G Ducoin; P Dupej; S E Dwyer; P J Easter; T B Edo; M C Edwards; A Effler; S Eguchi; P Ehrens; J Eichholz; S S Eikenberry; M Eisenmann; R A Eisenstein; Y Enomoto; R C Essick; H Estelles; D Estevez; Z B Etienne; T Etzel; M Evans; T M Evans; V Fafone; H Fair; S Fairhurst; X Fan; S Farinon; B Farr; W M Farr; E J Fauchon-Jones; M Favata; M Fays; M Fazio; C Fee; J Feicht; M M Fejer; F Feng; A Fernandez-Galiana; I Ferrante; E C Ferreira; T A Ferreira; F Ferrini; F Fidecaro; I Fiori; D Fiorucci; M Fishbach; R P Fisher; J M Fishner; M Fitz-Axen; R Flaminio; M Fletcher; E Flynn; H Fong; J A Font; P W F Forsyth; J-D Fournier; S Frasca; F Frasconi; Z Frei; A Freise; R Frey; V Frey; P Fritschel; V V Frolov; Y Fujii; M Fukunaga; M Fukushima; P Fulda; M Fyffe; H A Gabbard; B U Gadre; S M Gaebel; J R Gair; L Gammaitoni; M R Ganija; S G Gaonkar; A Garcia; C García-Quirós; F Garufi; B Gateley; S Gaudio; G Gaur; V Gayathri; G G Ge; G Gemme; E Genin; A Gennai; D George; J George; L Gergely; V Germain; S Ghonge; Abhirup Ghosh; Archisman Ghosh; S Ghosh; B Giacomazzo; J A Giaime; K D Giardina; A Giazotto; K Gill; G Giordano; L Glover; P Godwin; E Goetz; R Goetz; B Goncharov; G González; J M Gonzalez Castro; A Gopakumar; M L Gorodetsky; S E Gossan; M Gosselin; R Gouaty; A Grado; C Graef; M Granata; A Grant; S Gras; P Grassia; C Gray; R Gray; G Greco; A C Green; R Green; E M Gretarsson; P Groot; H Grote; S Grunewald; P Gruning; G M Guidi; H K Gulati; Y Guo; A Gupta; M K Gupta; E K Gustafson; R Gustafson; L Haegel; A Hagiwara; S Haino; O Halim; B R Hall; E D Hall; E Z Hamilton; G Hammond; M Haney; M M Hanke; J Hanks; C Hanna; M D Hannam; O A Hannuksela; J Hanson; T Hardwick; K Haris; J Harms; G M Harry; I W Harry; K Hasegawa; C-J Haster; K Haughian; H Hayakawa; K Hayama; F J Hayes; J Healy; A Heidmann; M C Heintze; H Heitmann; P Hello; G Hemming; M Hendry; I S Heng; J Hennig; A W Heptonstall; M Heurs; S Hild; Y Himemoto; T Hinderer; Y Hiranuma; N Hirata; E Hirose; D Hoak; S Hochheim; D Hofman; A M Holgado; N A Holland; K Holt; D E Holz; Z Hong; P Hopkins; C Horst; J Hough; E J Howell; C G Hoy; A Hreibi; B H Hsieh; G Z Huang; P W Huang; Y J Huang; E A Huerta; D Huet; B Hughey; M Hulko; S Husa; S H Huttner; T Huynh-Dinh; B Idzkowski; A Iess; B Ikenoue; S Imam; K Inayoshi; C Ingram; Y Inoue; R Inta; G Intini; K Ioka; B Irwin; H N Isa; J-M Isac; M Isi; Y Itoh; B R Iyer; K Izumi; T Jacqmin; S J Jadhav; K Jani; N N Janthalur; P Jaranowski; A C Jenkins; J Jiang; D S Johnson; A W Jones; D I Jones; R Jones; R J G Jonker; L Ju; K Jung; P Jung; J Junker; T Kajita; C V Kalaghatgi; V Kalogera; B Kamai; M Kamiizumi; N Kanda; S Kandhasamy; G W Kang; J B Kanner; S J Kapadia; S Karki; K S Karvinen; R Kashyap; M Kasprzack; S Katsanevas; E Katsavounidis; W Katzman; S Kaufer; K Kawabe; K Kawaguchi; N Kawai; T Kawasaki; N V Keerthana; F Kéfélian; D Keitel; R Kennedy; J S Key; F Y Khalili; H Khan; I Khan; S Khan; Z Khan; E A Khazanov; M Khursheed; N Kijbunchoo; Chunglee Kim; C Kim; J C Kim; J Kim; K Kim; W Kim; W S Kim; Y-M Kim; C Kimball; N Kimura; E J King; P J King; M Kinley-Hanlon; R Kirchhoff; J S Kissel; N Kita; H Kitazawa; L Kleybolte; J H Klika; S Klimenko; T D Knowles; E Knyazev; P Koch; S M Koehlenbeck; G Koekoek; Y Kojima; K Kokeyama; S Koley; K Komori; V Kondrashov; A K H Kong; A Kontos; N Koper; M Korobko; W Z Korth; K Kotake; I Kowalska; D B Kozak; C Kozakai; R Kozu; V Kringel; N Krishnendu; A Królak; 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F Marion; S Márka; Z Márka; C Markakis; A S Markosyan; A Markowitz; E Maros; A Marquina; S Marsat; F Martelli; I W Martin; R M Martin; D V Martynov; K Mason; E Massera; A Masserot; T J Massinger; M Masso-Reid; S Mastrogiovanni; A Matas; F Matichard; L Matone; N Mavalvala; N Mazumder; J J McCann; R McCarthy; D E McClelland; S McCormick; L McCuller; S C McGuire; J McIver; D J McManus; T McRae; S T McWilliams; D Meacher; G D Meadors; M Mehmet; A K Mehta; J Meidam; A Melatos; G Mendell; R A Mercer; L Mereni; E L Merilh; M Merzougui; S Meshkov; C Messenger; C Messick; R Metzdorff; P M Meyers; H Miao; C Michel; Y Michimura; H Middleton; E E Mikhailov; L Milano; A L Miller; A Miller; M Millhouse; J C Mills; M C Milovich-Goff; O Minazzoli; Y Minenkov; N Mio; A Mishkin; C Mishra; T Mistry; S Mitra; V P Mitrofanov; G Mitselmakher; R Mittleman; O Miyakawa; A Miyamoto; Y Miyazaki; K Miyo; S Miyoki; G Mo; D Moffa; K Mogushi; S R P Mohapatra; M Montani; C J Moore; D Moraru; G Moreno; S Morisaki; Y Moriwaki; 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D Pascucci; A Pasqualetti; R Passaquieti; D Passuello; M Patil; B Patricelli; B L Pearlstone; C Pedersen; M Pedraza; R Pedurand; A Pele; F E Peña Arellano; S Penn; C J Perez; A Perreca; H P Pfeiffer; M Phelps; K S Phukon; O J Piccinni; M Pichot; F Piergiovanni; G Pillant; L Pinard; I Pinto; M Pirello; M Pitkin; R Poggiani; D Y T Pong; S Ponrathnam; P Popolizio; E K Porter; J Powell; A K Prajapati; J Prasad; K Prasai; R Prasanna; G Pratten; T Prestegard; S Privitera; G A Prodi; L G Prokhorov; O Puncken; M Punturo; P Puppo; M Pürrer; H Qi; V Quetschke; P J Quinonez; E A Quintero; R Quitzow-James; F J Raab; H Radkins; N Radulescu; P Raffai; S Raja; C Rajan; B Rajbhandari; M Rakhmanov; K E Ramirez; A Ramos-Buades; Javed Rana; K Rao; P Rapagnani; V Raymond; M Razzano; J Read; T Regimbau; L Rei; S Reid; D H Reitze; W Ren; F Ricci; C J Richardson; J W Richardson; P M Ricker; K Riles; M Rizzo; N A Robertson; R Robie; F Robinet; A Rocchi; L Rolland; J G Rollins; V J Roma; M Romanelli; R Romano; C L Romel; J H Romie; K Rose; D Rosińska; S G Rosofsky; M P Ross; S Rowan; A Rüdiger; P Ruggi; G Rutins; K Ryan; S Sachdev; T Sadecki; N Sago; S Saito; Y Saito; K Sakai; Y Sakai; H Sakamoto; M Sakellariadou; Y Sakuno; L Salconi; M Saleem; A Samajdar; L Sammut; E J Sanchez; L E Sanchez; N Sanchis-Gual; V Sandberg; J R Sanders; K A Santiago; N Sarin; B Sassolas; B S Sathyaprakash; S Sato; T Sato; O Sauter; R L Savage; T Sawada; P Schale; M Scheel; J Scheuer; P Schmidt; R Schnabel; R M S Schofield; A Schönbeck; E Schreiber; B W Schulte; B F Schutz; S G Schwalbe; J Scott; S M Scott; E Seidel; T Sekiguchi; Y Sekiguchi; D Sellers; A S Sengupta; N Sennett; D Sentenac; V Sequino; A Sergeev; Y Setyawati; D A Shaddock; T Shaffer; M S Shahriar; M B Shaner; L Shao; P Sharma; P Shawhan; H Shen; S Shibagaki; R Shimizu; T Shimoda; K Shimode; R Shink; H Shinkai; T Shishido; A Shoda; D H Shoemaker; D M Shoemaker; S ShyamSundar; K Siellez; M Sieniawska; D Sigg; A D Silva; L P Singer; N Singh; A Singhal; A M Sintes; S Sitmukhambetov; V Skliris; B J J Slagmolen; T J Slaven-Blair; J R Smith; R J E Smith; S Somala; K Somiya; E J Son; B Sorazu; F Sorrentino; H Sotani; T Souradeep; E Sowell; A P Spencer; A K Srivastava; V Srivastava; K Staats; C Stachie; M Standke; D A Steer; M Steinke; J Steinlechner; S Steinlechner; D Steinmeyer; S P Stevenson; D Stocks; R Stone; D J Stops; K A Strain; G Stratta; S E Strigin; A Strunk; R Sturani; A L Stuver; V Sudhir; R Sugimoto; T Z Summerscales; L Sun; S Sunil; J Suresh; P J Sutton; Takamasa Suzuki; Toshikazu Suzuki; B L Swinkels; M J Szczepańczyk; M Tacca; H Tagoshi; S C Tait; H Takahashi; R Takahashi; A Takamori; S Takano; H Takeda; M Takeda; C Talbot; D Talukder; H Tanaka; Kazuyuki Tanaka; Kenta Tanaka; Taiki Tanaka; Takahiro Tanaka; S Tanioka; D B Tanner; M Tápai; E N Tapia San Martin; A Taracchini; J D Tasson; R Taylor; S Telada; F Thies; M Thomas; P Thomas; S R Thondapu; K A Thorne; E Thrane; Shubhanshu Tiwari; Srishti Tiwari; V Tiwari; K Toland; T Tomaru; Y Tomigami; T Tomura; M Tonelli; Z Tornasi; A Torres-Forné; C I Torrie; D Töyrä; F Travasso; G Traylor; M C Tringali; A Trovato; L Trozzo; R Trudeau; K W Tsang; T T L Tsang; M Tse; R Tso; K Tsubono; S Tsuchida; L Tsukada; D Tsuna; T Tsuzuki; D Tuyenbayev; N Uchikata; T Uchiyama; A Ueda; T Uehara; K Ueno; G Ueshima; D Ugolini; C S Unnikrishnan; F Uraguchi; A L Urban; T Ushiba; S A Usman; H Vahlbruch; G Vajente; G Valdes; N van Bakel; M van Beuzekom; J F J van den Brand; C Van Den Broeck; D C Vander-Hyde; L van der Schaaf; J V van Heijningen; M H P M van Putten; A A van Veggel; M Vardaro; V Varma; S Vass; M Vasúth; A Vecchio; G Vedovato; J Veitch; P J Veitch; K Venkateswara; G Venugopalan; D Verkindt; F Vetrano; A Viceré; A D Viets; D J Vine; J-Y Vinet; S Vitale; Francisco Hernandez Vivanco; T Vo; H Vocca; C Vorvick; S P Vyatchanin; A R Wade; L E Wade; M Wade; R Walet; M Walker; L Wallace; S Walsh; G Wang; H Wang; J Wang; J Z Wang; W H Wang; Y F Wang; R L Ward; Z A Warden; J Warner; M Was; J Watchi; B Weaver; L-W Wei; M Weinert; A J Weinstein; R Weiss; F Wellmann; L Wen; E K Wessel; P Weßels; J W Westhouse; K Wette; J T Whelan; B F Whiting; C Whittle; D M Wilken; D Williams; A R Williamson; J L Willis; B Willke; M H Wimmer; W Winkler; C C Wipf; H Wittel; G Woan; J Woehler; J K Wofford; J Worden; J L Wright; C M Wu; D S Wu; H C Wu; S R Wu; D M Wysocki; L Xiao; W R Xu; T Yamada; H Yamamoto; Kazuhiro Yamamoto; Kohei Yamamoto; T Yamamoto; C C Yancey; L Yang; M J Yap; M Yazback; D W Yeeles; K Yokogawa; J Yokoyama; T Yokozawa; T Yoshioka; Hang Yu; Haocun Yu; S H R Yuen; H Yuzurihara; M Yvert; A K Zadrożny; M Zanolin; S Zeidler; T Zelenova; J-P Zendri; M Zevin; J Zhang; L Zhang; T Zhang; C Zhao; Y Zhao; M Zhou; Z Zhou; X J Zhu; Z H Zhu; A B Zimmerman; M E Zucker; J Zweizig Journal: Living Rev Relativ Date: 2020-09-28 Impact factor: 40.429
Authors: B P Abbott; R Abbott; T D Abbott; M R Abernathy; F Acernese; K Ackley; C Adams; T Adams; P Addesso; R X Adhikari; V B Adya; C Affeldt; M Agathos; K Agatsuma; N Aggarwal; O D Aguiar; L Aiello; A Ain; P Ajith; T Akutsu; B Allen; A Allocca; P A Altin; A Ananyeva; S B Anderson; W G Anderson; M Ando; S Appert; K Arai; A Araya; M C Araya; J S Areeda; N Arnaud; K G Arun; H Asada; S Ascenzi; G Ashton; Y Aso; M Ast; S M Aston; P Astone; S Atsuta; P Aufmuth; C Aulbert; A Avila-Alvarez; K Awai; S Babak; P Bacon; M K M Bader; L Baiotti; P T Baker; F Baldaccini; G Ballardin; S W Ballmer; J C Barayoga; S E Barclay; B C Barish; D Barker; F Barone; B Barr; L Barsotti; M Barsuglia; D Barta; J Bartlett; M A Barton; I Bartos; R Bassiri; A Basti; J C Batch; C Baune; V Bavigadda; M Bazzan; B Bécsy; C Beer; M Bejger; I Belahcene; M Belgin; A S Bell; B K Berger; G Bergmann; C P L Berry; D Bersanetti; A Bertolini; J Betzwieser; S Bhagwat; R Bhandare; I A Bilenko; G Billingsley; C R Billman; J Birch; R Birney; O Birnholtz; S Biscans; A Bisht; M Bitossi; C Biwer; M A Bizouard; J K Blackburn; J Blackman; C D Blair; D G Blair; R M Blair; S Bloemen; O Bock; M Boer; G Bogaert; A Bohe; F Bondu; R Bonnand; B A Boom; R Bork; V Boschi; S Bose; Y Bouffanais; A Bozzi; C Bradaschia; P R Brady; V B Braginsky; M Branchesi; J E Brau; T Briant; A Brillet; M Brinkmann; V Brisson; P Brockill; J E Broida; A F Brooks; D A Brown; D D Brown; N M Brown; S Brunett; C C Buchanan; A Buikema; T Bulik; H J Bulten; A Buonanno; D Buskulic; C Buy; R L Byer; M Cabero; L Cadonati; G Cagnoli; C Cahillane; J Calderón Bustillo; T A Callister; E Calloni; J B Camp; K C Cannon; H Cao; J Cao; C D Capano; E Capocasa; F Carbognani; S Caride; J Casanueva Diaz; C Casentini; S Caudill; M Cavaglià; F Cavalier; R Cavalieri; G Cella; C B Cepeda; L Cerboni Baiardi; G Cerretani; E Cesarini; S J Chamberlin; M Chan; S Chao; P Charlton; E Chassande-Mottin; B D Cheeseboro; H Y Chen; Y Chen; H-P Cheng; A Chincarini; A Chiummo; T Chmiel; H S Cho; M Cho; J H Chow; N Christensen; Q Chu; A J K Chua; S Chua; S Chung; G Ciani; F Clara; J A Clark; F Cleva; C Cocchieri; E Coccia; P-F Cohadon; A Colla; C G Collette; L Cominsky; M Constancio; L Conti; S J Cooper; T R Corbitt; N Cornish; A Corsi; S Cortese; C A Costa; M W Coughlin; S B Coughlin; J-P Coulon; S T Countryman; P Couvares; P B Covas; E E Cowan; D M Coward; M J Cowart; D C Coyne; R Coyne; J D E Creighton; T D Creighton; J Cripe; S G Crowder; T J Cullen; A Cumming; L Cunningham; E Cuoco; T Dal Canton; S L Danilishin; S D'Antonio; K Danzmann; A Dasgupta; C F Da Silva Costa; V Dattilo; I Dave; M Davier; G S Davies; D Davis; E J Daw; B Day; R Day; S De; D DeBra; G Debreczeni; J Degallaix; M De Laurentis; S Deléglise; W Del Pozzo; T Denker; T Dent; V Dergachev; R De Rosa; R T DeRosa; R DeSalvo; R C Devine; S Dhurandhar; M C Díaz; L Di Fiore; M Di Giovanni; T Di Girolamo; A Di Lieto; S Di Pace; I Di Palma; A Di Virgilio; Z Doctor; K Doi; V Dolique; F Donovan; K L Dooley; S Doravari; I Dorrington; R Douglas; M Dovale Álvarez; T P Downes; M Drago; R W P Drever; J C Driggers; Z Du; M Ducrot; S E Dwyer; K Eda; T B Edo; M C Edwards; A Effler; H-B Eggenstein; P Ehrens; J Eichholz; S S Eikenberry; R A Eisenstein; R C Essick; Z Etienne; T Etzel; M Evans; T M Evans; R Everett; M Factourovich; V Fafone; H Fair; S Fairhurst; X Fan; S Farinon; B Farr; W M Farr; E J Fauchon-Jones; M Favata; M Fays; H Fehrmann; M M Fejer; A Fernández Galiana; I Ferrante; E C Ferreira; F Ferrini; F Fidecaro; I Fiori; D Fiorucci; R P Fisher; R Flaminio; M Fletcher; H Fong; S S Forsyth; J-D Fournier; S Frasca; F Frasconi; Z Frei; A Freise; R Frey; V Frey; E M Fries; P Fritschel; V V Frolov; Y Fujii; M-K Fujimoto; P Fulda; M Fyffe; H Gabbard; B U Gadre; S M Gaebel; J R Gair; L Gammaitoni; S G Gaonkar; F Garufi; G Gaur; V Gayathri; N Gehrels; G Gemme; E Genin; A Gennai; J George; L Gergely; V Germain; S Ghonge; Abhirup Ghosh; Archisman Ghosh; S Ghosh; J A Giaime; K D Giardina; A Giazotto; K Gill; A Glaefke; E Goetz; R Goetz; L Gondan; G González; J M Gonzalez Castro; A Gopakumar; M L Gorodetsky; S E Gossan; M Gosselin; R Gouaty; A Grado; C Graef; M Granata; A Grant; S Gras; C Gray; G Greco; A C Green; P Groot; H Grote; S Grunewald; G M Guidi; X Guo; A Gupta; M K Gupta; K E Gushwa; E K Gustafson; R Gustafson; J J Hacker; A Hagiwara; B R Hall; E D Hall; G Hammond; M Haney; M M Hanke; J Hanks; C Hanna; M D Hannam; J Hanson; T Hardwick; J Harms; G M Harry; I W Harry; M J Hart; M T Hartman; C-J Haster; K Haughian; K Hayama; J Healy; A Heidmann; M C Heintze; H Heitmann; P Hello; G Hemming; M Hendry; I S Heng; J Hennig; J Henry; A W Heptonstall; M Heurs; S Hild; E Hirose; D Hoak; D Hofman; K Holt; D E Holz; P Hopkins; J Hough; E A Houston; E J Howell; Y M Hu; E A Huerta; D Huet; B Hughey; S Husa; S H Huttner; T Huynh-Dinh; N Indik; D R Ingram; R Inta; K Ioka; H N Isa; J-M Isac; M Isi; T Isogai; Y Itoh; B R Iyer; K Izumi; T Jacqmin; K Jani; P Jaranowski; S Jawahar; F Jiménez-Forteza; W W Johnson; D I Jones; R Jones; R J G Jonker; L Ju; J Junker; T Kagawa; T Kajita; M Kakizaki; C V Kalaghatgi; V Kalogera; M Kamiizumi; N Kanda; S Kandhasamy; S Kanemura; M Kaneyama; G Kang; J B Kanner; S Karki; K S Karvinen; M Kasprzack; Y Kataoka; E Katsavounidis; W Katzman; S Kaufer; T Kaur; K Kawabe; N Kawai; S Kawamura; F Kéfélian; D Keitel; D B Kelley; R Kennedy; J S Key; F Y Khalili; I Khan; S Khan; Z Khan; E A Khazanov; N Kijbunchoo; C Kim; H Kim; J C Kim; J Kim; W Kim; Y-M Kim; S J Kimbrell; N Kimura; E J King; P J King; R Kirchhoff; J S Kissel; B Klein; L Kleybolte; S Klimenko; P Koch; S M Koehlenbeck; Y Kojima; K Kokeyama; S Koley; K Komori; V Kondrashov; A Kontos; M Korobko; W Z Korth; K Kotake; I Kowalska; D B Kozak; C Krämer; V Kringel; B Krishnan; A Królak; G Kuehn; P Kumar; Rahul Kumar; Rakesh Kumar; L Kuo; K Kuroda; A Kutynia; Y Kuwahara; B D Lackey; M Landry; R N Lang; J Lange; B Lantz; R K Lanza; A Lartaux-Vollard; P D Lasky; M Laxen; A Lazzarini; C Lazzaro; P Leaci; S Leavey; E O Lebigot; C H Lee; H K Lee; H M Lee; H W Lee; K Lee; J Lehmann; A Lenon; M Leonardi; J R Leong; N Leroy; N Letendre; Y Levin; T G F Li; A Libson; T B Littenberg; J Liu; N A Lockerbie; A L Lombardi; L T London; J E Lord; M Lorenzini; V Loriette; M Lormand; G Losurdo; J D Lough; C O Lousto; G Lovelace; H Lück; A P Lundgren; R Lynch; Y Ma; S Macfoy; B Machenschalk; M MacInnis; D M Macleod; F Magaña-Sandoval; E Majorana; I Maksimovic; V Malvezzi; N Man; V Mandic; V Mangano; S Mano; G L Mansell; M Manske; M Mantovani; F Marchesoni; M Marchio; F Marion; S Márka; Z Márka; A S Markosyan; E Maros; F Martelli; L Martellini; I W Martin; D V Martynov; K Mason; A Masserot; T J Massinger; M Masso-Reid; S Mastrogiovanni; F Matichard; L Matone; N Matsumoto; F Matsushima; N Mavalvala; N Mazumder; R McCarthy; D E McClelland; S McCormick; C McGrath; S C McGuire; G McIntyre; J McIver; D J McManus; T McRae; S T McWilliams; D Meacher; G D Meadors; J Meidam; A Melatos; G Mendell; D Mendoza-Gandara; R A Mercer; E L Merilh; M Merzougui; S Meshkov; C Messenger; C Messick; R Metzdorff; P M Meyers; F Mezzani; H Miao; C Michel; Y Michimura; H Middleton; E E Mikhailov; L Milano; A L Miller; A Miller; B B Miller; J Miller; M Millhouse; Y Minenkov; J Ming; S Mirshekari; C Mishra; V P Mitrofanov; G Mitselmakher; R Mittleman; O Miyakawa; A Miyamoto; T Miyamoto; S Miyoki; A Moggi; M Mohan; S R P Mohapatra; M Montani; B C Moore; C J Moore; D Moraru; G Moreno; W Morii; S Morisaki; Y Moriwaki; S R Morriss; B Mours; C M Mow-Lowry; G Mueller; A W Muir; Arunava Mukherjee; D Mukherjee; S Mukherjee; N Mukund; A Mullavey; J Munch; E A M Muniz; P G Murray; A Mytidis; S Nagano; K Nakamura; T Nakamura; H Nakano; Masaya Nakano; Masayuki Nakano; K Nakao; K Napier; I Nardecchia; T Narikawa; L Naticchioni; G Nelemans; T J N Nelson; M Neri; M Nery; A Neunzert; J M Newport; G Newton; T T Nguyen; W-T Ni; A B Nielsen; S Nissanke; A Nitz; A Noack; F Nocera; D Nolting; M E N Normandin; L K Nuttall; J Oberling; E Ochsner; E Oelker; G H Ogin; J J Oh; S H Oh; M Ohashi; N Ohishi; M Ohkawa; F Ohme; K Okutomi; M Oliver; K Ono; Y Ono; K Oohara; P Oppermann; Richard J Oram; B O'Reilly; R O'Shaughnessy; D J Ottaway; H Overmier; B J Owen; A E Pace; J Page; A Pai; S A Pai; J R Palamos; O Palashov; C Palomba; A Pal-Singh; H Pan; C Pankow; F Pannarale; B C Pant; F Paoletti; A Paoli; M A Papa; H R Paris; W Parker; D Pascucci; A Pasqualetti; R Passaquieti; D Passuello; B Patricelli; B L Pearlstone; M Pedraza; R Pedurand; L Pekowsky; A Pele; F E Peña Arellano; S Penn; C J Perez; A Perreca; L M Perri; H P Pfeiffer; M Phelps; O J Piccinni; M Pichot; F Piergiovanni; V Pierro; G Pillant; L Pinard; I M Pinto; M Pitkin; M Poe; R Poggiani; P Popolizio; A Post; J Powell; J Prasad; J W W Pratt; V Predoi; T Prestegard; M Prijatelj; M Principe; S Privitera; G A Prodi; L G Prokhorov; O Puncken; M Punturo; P Puppo; M Pürrer; H Qi; J Qin; S Qiu; V Quetschke; E A Quintero; R Quitzow-James; F J Raab; D S Rabeling; H Radkins; P Raffai; S Raja; C Rajan; M Rakhmanov; P Rapagnani; V Raymond; M Razzano; V Re; J Read; T Regimbau; L Rei; S Reid; D H Reitze; H Rew; S D Reyes; E Rhoades; F Ricci; K Riles; M Rizzo; N A Robertson; R Robie; F Robinet; A Rocchi; L Rolland; J G Rollins; V J Roma; R Romano; J H Romie; D Rosińska; S Rowan; A Rüdiger; P Ruggi; K Ryan; S Sachdev; T Sadecki; L Sadeghian; N Sago; M Saijo; Y Saito; K Sakai; M Sakellariadou; L Salconi; M Saleem; F Salemi; A Samajdar; L Sammut; L M Sampson; E J Sanchez; V Sandberg; J R Sanders; Y Sasaki; B Sassolas; B S Sathyaprakash; S Sato; T Sato; P R Saulson; O Sauter; R L Savage; A Sawadsky; P Schale; J Scheuer; E Schmidt; J Schmidt; P Schmidt; R Schnabel; R M S Schofield; A Schönbeck; E Schreiber; D Schuette; B F Schutz; S G Schwalbe; J Scott; S M Scott; T Sekiguchi; Y Sekiguchi; D Sellers; A S Sengupta; D Sentenac; V Sequino; A Sergeev; Y Setyawati; D A Shaddock; T J Shaffer; M S Shahriar; B Shapiro; P Shawhan; A Sheperd; M Shibata; Y Shikano; T Shimoda; A Shoda; D H Shoemaker; D M Shoemaker; K Siellez; X Siemens; M Sieniawska; D Sigg; A D Silva; A Singer; L P Singer; A Singh; R Singh; A Singhal; A M Sintes; B J J Slagmolen; B Smith; J R Smith; R J E Smith; K Somiya; E J Son; B Sorazu; F Sorrentino; T Souradeep; A P Spencer; A K Srivastava; A Staley; M Steinke; J Steinlechner; S Steinlechner; D Steinmeyer; B C Stephens; S P Stevenson; R Stone; K A Strain; N Straniero; G Stratta; S E Strigin; R Sturani; A L Stuver; Y Sugimoto; T Z Summerscales; L Sun; S Sunil; P J Sutton; T Suzuki; B L Swinkels; M J Szczepańczyk; M Tacca; H Tagoshi; S Takada; H Takahashi; R Takahashi; A Takamori; D Talukder; H Tanaka; K Tanaka; T Tanaka; D B Tanner; M Tápai; A Taracchini; D Tatsumi; R Taylor; S Telada; T Theeg; E G Thomas; M Thomas; P Thomas; K A Thorne; E Thrane; T Tippens; S Tiwari; V Tiwari; K V Tokmakov; K Toland; T Tomaru; C Tomlinson; M Tonelli; Z Tornasi; C I Torrie; D Töyrä; F Travasso; G Traylor; D Trifirò; J Trinastic; M C Tringali; L Trozzo; M Tse; R Tso; K Tsubono; T Tsuzuki; M Turconi; D Tuyenbayev; T Uchiyama; T Uehara; S Ueki; K Ueno; D Ugolini; C S Unnikrishnan; A L Urban; T Ushiba; S A Usman; H Vahlbruch; G Vajente; G Valdes; N van Bakel; M van Beuzekom; J F J van den Brand; C Van Den Broeck; D C Vander-Hyde; L van der Schaaf; J V van Heijningen; M H P M van Putten; A A van Veggel; M Vardaro; V Varma; S Vass; M Vasúth; A Vecchio; G Vedovato; J Veitch; P J Veitch; K Venkateswara; G Venugopalan; D Verkindt; F Vetrano; A Viceré; A D Viets; S Vinciguerra; D J Vine; J-Y Vinet; S Vitale; T Vo; H Vocca; C Vorvick; D V Voss; W D Vousden; S P Vyatchanin; A R Wade; L E Wade; M Wade; T Wakamatsu; M Walker; L Wallace; S Walsh; G Wang; H Wang; M Wang; Y Wang; R L Ward; J Warner; M Was; J Watchi; B Weaver; L-W Wei; M Weinert; A J Weinstein; R Weiss; L Wen; P Weßels; T Westphal; K Wette; J T Whelan; B F Whiting; C Whittle; D Williams; R D Williams; A R Williamson; J L Willis; B Willke; M H Wimmer; W Winkler; C C Wipf; H Wittel; G Woan; J Woehler; J Worden; J L Wright; D S Wu; G Wu; W Yam; H Yamamoto; K Yamamoto; T Yamamoto; C C Yancey; K Yano; M J Yap; J Yokoyama; T Yokozawa; T H Yoon; Hang Yu; Haocun Yu; H Yuzurihara; M Yvert; A Zadrożny; L Zangrando; M Zanolin; S Zeidler; J-P Zendri; M Zevin; L Zhang; M Zhang; T Zhang; Y Zhang; C Zhao; M Zhou; Z Zhou; S J Zhu; X J Zhu; M E Zucker; J Zweizig Journal: Living Rev Relativ Date: 2018-04-26 Impact factor: 40.429