Kevin C J Yuen1, Charles T Roberts, Jan Frystyk, William D Rooney, James R Pollaro, Bethany J Klopfenstein, Jonathan Q Purnell. 1. Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Clinical Nutrition (K.C.J.Y., C.T.R., B.J.K., J.Q.P.), Department of Medicine, and Advanced Imaging Research Center (W.D.R., J.R.P.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239; Oregon National Primate Research Center (C.T.R.), Beaverton, Oregon 97006; and Institute of Clinical Medicine N (J.F.), Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark.
Abstract
CONTEXT: Low-dose GH (LGH) therapy has been reported to improve insulin sensitivity in GH-deficient adults; however, the mechanism is unclear. HYPOTHESIS: Effects of LGH therapy on insulin sensitivity are mediated through changes in cortisol metabolism and ectopic fat accumulation. DESIGN AND SETTING: This was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel, 3-month study. PARTICIPANTS AND INTERVENTION: Seventeen GH-deficient adults were randomized to receive either daily LGH or placebo injections. Fasting blood samples were collected at baseline, and months 1 and 3, whereas hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps, magnetic resonance spectroscopy scans, 24-hour cortisol production rates (CPRs), and sc abdominal fat biopsies were performed at baseline and month 3. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Clamp glucose infusion rate, intramyocellular, extramyocellular, and intrahepatic lipid content, 24-hour CPRs, adipocyte size, and adipocyte 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in adults with GH deficiency were evaluated. RESULTS: At month 1, LGH did not alter fasting levels of glucose, insulin, C-peptide, free fatty acid, adiponectin, total IGF-1, IGF-1 bioactivity, IGF-2, IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-2, or IGF-1 to IGFBP-3 molar ratio. At month 3, LGH increased clamp glucose infusion rates (P < .01) and IGF-1 to IGFBP-3 molar ratio (P < .05), but fasting glucose, insulin, C-peptide, free fatty acid, adiponectin, IGF-1 bioactivity, IGF-2, IGFBP-2, 24-hour CPRs, adipocyte size, adipocyte 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity, intrahepatic lipid, extramyocellular, or intramyocellular were unchanged. In the placebo group, all within-group parameters from months 1 and 3 compared with baseline were unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: Short-term LGH therapy improves insulin sensitivity without inducing basal lipolysis and had no effect on cortisol metabolism and ectopic fat accumulation in GH-deficient adults. This may reflect an LGH-induced increase in IGF-1 to IGFBP-3 molar ratio exerting insulin-like effects through the abundant muscle IGF-1 receptors, but this hypothesis requires confirmation with further studies.
RCT Entities:
CONTEXT: Low-dose GH (LGH) therapy has been reported to improve insulin sensitivity in GH-deficient adults; however, the mechanism is unclear. HYPOTHESIS: Effects of LGH therapy on insulin sensitivity are mediated through changes in cortisol metabolism and ectopic fat accumulation. DESIGN AND SETTING: This was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel, 3-month study. PARTICIPANTS AND INTERVENTION: Seventeen GH-deficient adults were randomized to receive either daily LGH or placebo injections. Fasting blood samples were collected at baseline, and months 1 and 3, whereas hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps, magnetic resonance spectroscopy scans, 24-hour cortisol production rates (CPRs), and sc abdominal fat biopsies were performed at baseline and month 3. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Clamp glucose infusion rate, intramyocellular, extramyocellular, and intrahepatic lipid content, 24-hour CPRs, adipocyte size, and adipocyte 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in adults with GH deficiency were evaluated. RESULTS: At month 1, LGH did not alter fasting levels of glucose, insulin, C-peptide, free fatty acid, adiponectin, total IGF-1, IGF-1 bioactivity, IGF-2, IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-2, or IGF-1 to IGFBP-3 molar ratio. At month 3, LGH increased clamp glucose infusion rates (P < .01) and IGF-1 to IGFBP-3 molar ratio (P < .05), but fasting glucose, insulin, C-peptide, free fatty acid, adiponectin, IGF-1 bioactivity, IGF-2, IGFBP-2, 24-hour CPRs, adipocyte size, adipocyte 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity, intrahepatic lipid, extramyocellular, or intramyocellular were unchanged. In the placebo group, all within-group parameters from months 1 and 3 compared with baseline were unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: Short-term LGH therapy improves insulin sensitivity without inducing basal lipolysis and had no effect on cortisol metabolism and ectopic fat accumulation in GH-deficient adults. This may reflect an LGH-induced increase in IGF-1 to IGFBP-3 molar ratio exerting insulin-like effects through the abundant muscle IGF-1 receptors, but this hypothesis requires confirmation with further studies.
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