Sanne M Hendriks1, Jan Spijker2, Carmilla M M Licht3, Aartjan T F Beekman3, Florian Hardeveld4, Ron de Graaf5, Neeltje M Batelaan3, Brenda W J H Penninx6. 1. Department of Psychiatry, Pro Persona Mental Health Care, Willy Brandtlaan 20, 6717 RR Ede, The Netherlands. Electronic address: s.hendriks@propersona.nl. 2. Department of Psychiatry, Pro Persona Mental Health Care, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, The Netherlands. 3. VU University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry/EMGO Institute/Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 4. Department of Psychiatry, Pro Persona Mental Health Care, Willy Brandtlaan 20, 6717 RR Ede, The Netherlands. 5. Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, The Netherlands. 6. VU University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry/EMGO Institute/Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: This study compares disability levels between different anxiety disorders and healthy controls. We further investigate the role of anxiety arousal and avoidance behaviour in disability, and whether differences in these symptom patterns contribute to disability differences between anxiety disorders. METHODS: Data were from 1826 subjects from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA). The Composite Interview Diagnostic Instrument was used to diagnose anxiety disorders. The World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule II was used to measure disability in six domains (cognition, mobility, selfcare, social interaction, life activities, participation). Severity of anxiety arousal and avoidance behaviour symptoms was measured using the Beck Anxiety Inventory and the Fear Questionnaire. RESULTS: All anxiety disorders were associated with higher disability. Disability was generally highest in multiple anxiety disorder (e.g. mean disability in cognition=33.7) and social anxiety disorder (mean=32.7), followed by generalized anxiety disorder (mean=27.2) and panic disorder with agoraphobia (mean=26.3), and lowest in panic disorder without agoraphobia (mean=22.1). Anxiety arousal was more associated with disability in life activities (B=8.5, p<0.001) and participation (B=9.9, p<0.001) whereas avoidance behaviour was more associated with disability in cognition (B=7.4, p<0.001) and social interaction (B=8.6, p<0.001). Different disability patterns between anxiety disorders were not completely explained by anxiety arousal and avoidance behaviour. LIMITATIONS: The cross-sectional study design precludes any causal interpretations. In order to examine the full range of comorbidity among anxiety, a greater range of anxiety disorders would have been preferable. CONCLUSIONS: Disability is highest in social anxiety disorder and multiple anxiety disorder. Both anxiety arousal and avoidance behaviour are associated with higher disability levels but do not fully explain the differences across anxiety disorders.
BACKGROUND: This study compares disability levels between different anxiety disorders and healthy controls. We further investigate the role of anxiety arousal and avoidance behaviour in disability, and whether differences in these symptom patterns contribute to disability differences between anxiety disorders. METHODS: Data were from 1826 subjects from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA). The Composite Interview Diagnostic Instrument was used to diagnose anxiety disorders. The World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule II was used to measure disability in six domains (cognition, mobility, selfcare, social interaction, life activities, participation). Severity of anxiety arousal and avoidance behaviour symptoms was measured using the Beck Anxiety Inventory and the Fear Questionnaire. RESULTS: All anxiety disorders were associated with higher disability. Disability was generally highest in multiple anxiety disorder (e.g. mean disability in cognition=33.7) and social anxiety disorder (mean=32.7), followed by generalized anxiety disorder (mean=27.2) and panic disorder with agoraphobia (mean=26.3), and lowest in panic disorder without agoraphobia (mean=22.1). Anxiety arousal was more associated with disability in life activities (B=8.5, p<0.001) and participation (B=9.9, p<0.001) whereas avoidance behaviour was more associated with disability in cognition (B=7.4, p<0.001) and social interaction (B=8.6, p<0.001). Different disability patterns between anxiety disorders were not completely explained by anxiety arousal and avoidance behaviour. LIMITATIONS: The cross-sectional study design precludes any causal interpretations. In order to examine the full range of comorbidity among anxiety, a greater range of anxiety disorders would have been preferable. CONCLUSIONS: Disability is highest in social anxiety disorder and multiple anxiety disorder. Both anxiety arousal and avoidance behaviour are associated with higher disability levels but do not fully explain the differences across anxiety disorders.
Authors: Melissa A MacLeod; Paul F Tremblay; Kathryn Graham; Sharon Bernards; Jürgen Rehm; Samantha Wells Journal: Int J Methods Psychiatr Res Date: 2016-09-15 Impact factor: 4.035
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Authors: Sanne M Hendriks; Jan Spijker; Carmilla M M Licht; Florian Hardeveld; Ron de Graaf; Neeltje M Batelaan; Brenda W J H Penninx; Aartjan T F Beekman Journal: BMC Psychiatry Date: 2016-07-19 Impact factor: 3.630
Authors: Johanna H M Hovenkamp-Hermelink; Date C van der Veen; Richard C Oude Voshaar; Neeltje M Batelaan; Brenda W J H Penninx; Bertus F Jeronimus; Robert A Schoevers; Harriëtte Riese Journal: Sci Rep Date: 2019-03-13 Impact factor: 4.379
Authors: Neeltje M Batelaan; Renske C Bosman; Anna Muntingh; Willemijn D Scholten; Klaas M Huijbregts; Anton J L M van Balkom Journal: BMJ Date: 2017-09-13