BACKGROUND: There is no universally accepted, precise definition, nor standardisation in terminology and classification of halitosis. OBJECTIVE: To propose a new definition, free from subjective descriptions (faecal, fish odour, etc), one-time sulphide detector readings and organoleptic estimation of odour levels, and excludes temporary exogenous odours (for example, from dietary sources). Some terms previously used in the literature are revised. RESULTS: A new aetiologic classification is proposed, dividing pathologic halitosis into Type 1 (oral), Type 2 (airway), Type 3 (gastroesophageal), Type 4 (blood-borne) and Type 5 (subjective). In reality, any halitosis complaint is potentially the sum of these types in any combination, superimposed on the Type 0 (physiologic odour) present in health. CONCLUSION: This system allows for multiple diagnoses in the same patient, reflecting the multifactorial nature of the complaint. It represents the most accurate model to understand halitosis and forms an efficient and logical basis for clinical management of the complaint.
BACKGROUND: There is no universally accepted, precise definition, nor standardisation in terminology and classification of halitosis. OBJECTIVE: To propose a new definition, free from subjective descriptions (faecal, fish odour, etc), one-time sulphide detector readings and organoleptic estimation of odour levels, and excludes temporary exogenous odours (for example, from dietary sources). Some terms previously used in the literature are revised. RESULTS: A new aetiologic classification is proposed, dividing pathologic halitosis into Type 1 (oral), Type 2 (airway), Type 3 (gastroesophageal), Type 4 (blood-borne) and Type 5 (subjective). In reality, any halitosis complaint is potentially the sum of these types in any combination, superimposed on the Type 0 (physiologic odour) present in health. CONCLUSION: This system allows for multiple diagnoses in the same patient, reflecting the multifactorial nature of the complaint. It represents the most accurate model to understand halitosis and forms an efficient and logical basis for clinical management of the complaint.
Authors: Matthias Lechner; Alban Karlseder; David Niederseer; Philipp Lirk; Andreas Neher; Josef Rieder; Herbert Tilg Journal: Helicobacter Date: 2005-10 Impact factor: 5.753
Authors: Juliane A Marsicano; Patrícia G de Moura-Grec; Rafaela C S Bonato; Matheus de Carvalho Sales-Peres; Arsenio Sales-Peres; Sílvia Helena de Carvalho Sales-Peres Journal: Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol Date: 2013-02 Impact factor: 2.566
Authors: Bruno Dias Nani; Patricia Oliveira de Lima; Fernanda Klein Marcondes; Francisco Carlos Groppo; Gustavo Sattolo Rolim; Antonio Bento Alves de Moraes; Karina Cogo-Müller; Michelle Franz-Montan Journal: PLoS One Date: 2017-03-20 Impact factor: 3.240