OBJECTIVE: Our study seeks to elucidate risk factors for and mortality consequences of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) and preterm birth in rural Nepal. In contrast with previous literature, we distinguish the epidemiology of SGA and preterm birth from each other. METHODS: We analyzed data from a maternal micronutrient supplementation trial in rural Nepal (n = 4130). We estimated adjusted risk ratios (aRR) for risk factors of SGA and preterm birth, and aRRs for the associations between SGA/preterm birth and neonatal/infant mortality. We used mutually exclusive categories of term-appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA), term-SGA, preterm-AGA, and preterm-SGA (with term-AGA as reference) in our analyses. RESULTS: Stunted (<145 cm) and wasted (<18.5 kg/m(2)) women both had increased risk of having term-SGA (aRR 1.36, 95% CI: 1.14-1.61, aRR 1.22, 95% CI: 1.09-1.36 respectively) and preterm-SGA (aRR 2.48, 95% CI: 1.29-4.74, aRR 1.99, 95% CI: 1.33-2.97 respectively), but not preterm-AGA births. Similar results were found for low maternal weight gain per gestational week. Those born preterm-SGA generally experienced the highest neonatal and infant mortality risk, although term-SGA and preterm-AGA newborns also had statistically significantly high mortality risks compared to term-AGA babies. CONCLUSIONS: SGA and preterm birth have distinct risk factors and mortality patterns. Maternal chronic and acute malnutrition appear to be associated with SGA outcomes. Because of high SGA prevalence in South Asia and the increased neonatal and infant mortality risk associated with SGA, there is an urgent need to intervene with effective interventions.
RCT Entities:
OBJECTIVE: Our study seeks to elucidate risk factors for and mortality consequences of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) and preterm birth in rural Nepal. In contrast with previous literature, we distinguish the epidemiology of SGA and preterm birth from each other. METHODS: We analyzed data from a maternal micronutrient supplementation trial in rural Nepal (n = 4130). We estimated adjusted risk ratios (aRR) for risk factors of SGA and preterm birth, and aRRs for the associations between SGA/preterm birth and neonatal/infant mortality. We used mutually exclusive categories of term-appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA), term-SGA, preterm-AGA, and preterm-SGA (with term-AGA as reference) in our analyses. RESULTS: Stunted (<145 cm) and wasted (<18.5 kg/m(2)) women both had increased risk of having term-SGA (aRR 1.36, 95% CI: 1.14-1.61, aRR 1.22, 95% CI: 1.09-1.36 respectively) and preterm-SGA (aRR 2.48, 95% CI: 1.29-4.74, aRR 1.99, 95% CI: 1.33-2.97 respectively), but not preterm-AGA births. Similar results were found for low maternal weight gain per gestational week. Those born preterm-SGA generally experienced the highest neonatal and infant mortality risk, although term-SGA and preterm-AGA newborns also had statistically significantly high mortality risks compared to term-AGA babies. CONCLUSIONS: SGA and preterm birth have distinct risk factors and mortality patterns. Maternal chronic and acute malnutrition appear to be associated with SGA outcomes. Because of high SGA prevalence in South Asia and the increased neonatal and infant mortality risk associated with SGA, there is an urgent need to intervene with effective interventions.
Authors: Rasheda Khanam; Anne Cc Lee; Dipak K Mitra; Malathi Ram; Sushil Das Gupta; Abdul Quaiyum; Allysha Choudhury; Parul Christian; Luke C Mullany; Abdullah H Baqui Journal: Eur J Clin Nutr Date: 2018-06-22 Impact factor: 4.016
Authors: Alamgir Kabir; Md Jahanur Rahman; Abu Ahmed Shamim; Rolf D W Klemm; Alain B Labrique; Mahbubur Rashid; Parul Christian; Keith P West Journal: PLoS One Date: 2017-12-20 Impact factor: 3.240
Authors: Naomi M Saville; Bhim P Shrestha; Sarah Style; Helen Harris-Fry; B James Beard; Aman Sen; Sonali Jha; Anjana Rai; Vikas Paudel; Raghbendra Sah; Puskar Paudel; Andrew Copas; Bishnu Bhandari; Rishi Neupane; Joanna Morrison; Lu Gram; Anni-Maria Pulkki-Brännström; Jolene Skordis-Worrall; Machhindra Basnet; Saskia de Pee; Andrew Hall; Jayne Harthan; Meelan Thondoo; Sonja Klingberg; Janice Messick; Dharma S Manandhar; David Osrin; Anthony Costello Journal: PLoS One Date: 2018-05-09 Impact factor: 3.240
Authors: Kira L Newman; Kathryn Gustafson; Janet A Englund; Amalia Magaret; Subarna Khatry; Steven C LeClerq; James M Tielsch; Joanne Katz; Helen Y Chu Journal: Open Forum Infect Dis Date: 2019-01-14 Impact factor: 3.835