Alternative routes of administration for systemic delivery of protein pharmaceuticals.

Non-invasive and patient-friendly delivery of proteins are important targets for protein formulation development. Traditionally, a lyophilized cake for reconstitution followed by s.c. or i.v. administration has been used. At present, several protein pharmaceuticals delivered by alternative routes of administration are under investigation. The long-term effects of protein delivery by these alternative routes are not known. Nevertheless, these alternative administration routes can in the near future lead to new, successful protein pharmaceuticals on the market.: