Safety of antipsychotic drugs: focus on therapeutic and adverse effects.

INTRODUCTION: Schizophrenia is a chronic psychiatric disease, which is treated by antipsychotic drugs. These drugs are mostly D2 and 5-HT2A antagonists and have extrapyramidal side effects depending on the D2 antagonistic effect. Recently admitted antipsychotic drugs also have systemic side effects. Clozapine, which has the strongest antipsychotic effect, can cause neutropenia. A problem in the treatment of schizophrenia is poor patient compliance leading to the recurrence of psychotic symptoms. AREAS COVERED: A search was carried out in Medline using the following terms: antipsychotic drugs, antipsychotic effect, risperidone, olanzapine, clozapine, ziprasidone, aripiprazol, asenapine, questiapine, cariprazine, lurasidone, arrythmia, diabetes mellitus, weight gain, epileptic activity, extrapyramidal symptoms, sexual activity, clinical trials and tolerability. EXPERT OPINION: Most clinical trials describe a good antipsychotic effect of the currently used antipsychotic drugs. The efficacy and safety of the antipsychotic drugs also depend on the form of schizophrenia, for example, the chronic recurrent form of schizophrenia. Clozapine and olanzapine have the safest therapeutic effect, while the side effect of neutropenia must be controlled by 3 weekly blood controls. If schizophrenia has remitted and if patients show a good compliance, the adverse effects can be controlled. The pharmacological treatment should be combined with social therapies and psychoeducation in order to reach a good therapeutic outcome.