Bo Liu1, Fiona Havers2, Enfu Chen3, Zhengan Yuan4, Hui Yuan5, Jianming Ou6, Mei Shang7, Kai Kang8, Kaiju Liao1, Fuqiang Liu9, Dan Li1, Hua Ding10, Lei Zhou1, Weiping Zhu11, Fan Ding1, Peng Zhang12, Xiaoye Wang1, Jianyi Yao1, Nijuan Xiang1, Suizan Zhou7, Xiaoqin Liu5, Ying Song7, Hualin Su13, Rui Wang1, Jian Cai3, Yang Cao1, Xianjun Wang14, Tian Bai15, Jianjun Wang16, Zijian Feng1, Yanping Zhang1, Marc-Alain Widdowson17, Qun Li1. 1. Public Health Emergency Center, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing. 2. Epidemic Intelligence Service assigned to the Influenza Division, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia. 3. Influenza Division, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou. 4. Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 5. Jiangxi Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang. 6. Fujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou. 7. China Office, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing. 8. Henan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou. 9. Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha. 10. Zhejiang Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou. 11. Shanghai Pudong New Area Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai. 12. Zhejiang Huzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou. 13. Shanghai Minhang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 14. Shandong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan City. 15. Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing. 16. Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China. 17. Influenza Division, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The majority of human cases of novel avian influenza A(H7N9), which emerged in China in spring 2013, include reported exposure to poultry. However, specific host and exposure risk factors for disease are unknown, yet critical to design prevention measures. METHODS: In April-June 2013, we conducted a case-control study in 8 Chinese provinces. Patients with laboratory-confirmed A(H7N9) (n = 89) were matched by age, sex, and neighborhood to controls (n = 339). Subjects completed a questionnaire on medical history and potential exposures, including poultry markets and other poultry exposure. We used conditional logistic regression to calculate matched and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for the association of A(H7N9) virus infection with potential risk factors. RESULTS: Fifty-five percent of patients compared with 31% of controls reported any contact with poultry (matched OR [mOR], 7.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.3-18.8). Sixty-seven percent of patients compared with 35% of controls visited a live poultry market (mOR, 5.4; CI, 3.0-9.7). Visiting live poultry markets increased risk of infection even after adjusting for poultry contact and other confounders (adjusted OR, 3.4; CI, 1.8-6.7). Backyard poultry were not associated with increased risk; 14% of cases did not report any poultry exposure or market visit. Obesity (mOR, 4.7; CI, 1.8-12.4), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (mOR, 2.7; CI, 1.1-6.9), and immunosuppressive medications (mOR, 9.0; CI, 1.7-47.2) were associated with A(H7N9) disease. CONCLUSION: Exposures to poultry in markets were associated with A(H7N9) virus infection, even without poultry contact. China should consider permanently closing live poultry markets or aggressively pursuing control measures to prevent spread of this emerging pathogen.
BACKGROUND: The majority of human cases of novel avian influenza A(H7N9), which emerged in China in spring 2013, include reported exposure to poultry. However, specific host and exposure risk factors for disease are unknown, yet critical to design prevention measures. METHODS: In April-June 2013, we conducted a case-control study in 8 Chinese provinces. Patients with laboratory-confirmed A(H7N9) (n = 89) were matched by age, sex, and neighborhood to controls (n = 339). Subjects completed a questionnaire on medical history and potential exposures, including poultry markets and other poultry exposure. We used conditional logistic regression to calculate matched and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for the association of A(H7N9) virus infection with potential risk factors. RESULTS: Fifty-five percent of patients compared with 31% of controls reported any contact with poultry (matched OR [mOR], 7.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.3-18.8). Sixty-seven percent of patients compared with 35% of controls visited a live poultry market (mOR, 5.4; CI, 3.0-9.7). Visiting live poultry markets increased risk of infection even after adjusting for poultry contact and other confounders (adjusted OR, 3.4; CI, 1.8-6.7). Backyard poultry were not associated with increased risk; 14% of cases did not report any poultry exposure or market visit. Obesity (mOR, 4.7; CI, 1.8-12.4), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (mOR, 2.7; CI, 1.1-6.9), and immunosuppressive medications (mOR, 9.0; CI, 1.7-47.2) were associated with A(H7N9) disease. CONCLUSION: Exposures to poultry in markets were associated with A(H7N9) virus infection, even without poultry contact. China should consider permanently closing live poultry markets or aggressively pursuing control measures to prevent spread of this emerging pathogen.
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