Yasushi Suwazono1, Kazuhiro Nogawa2, Yuko Morikawa3, Muneko Nishijo3, Etsuko Kobayashi2, Teruhiko Kido4, Hideaki Nakagawa3, Koji Nogawa2. 1. Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuoku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan. Electronic address: suwa@faculty.chiba-u.jp. 2. Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuoku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan. 3. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchnada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan. 4. Department of Community Health Nursing, Kanazawa University School of Health Sciences, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-0942, Japan.
Abstract
PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the dose-effect relationship between urinary cadmium (U-Cd as an index of internal Cd exposure) and mortality in a cohort of the Japanese general population. METHODS: A 19-year cohort study was conducted in 897 men and 1307 women who lived in two non-polluted areas in Japan. The subjects were categorized into four quartiles based on creatinine adjusted U-Cd (μg/g cre). Hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) of the quartiles of U-Cd for mortality was calculated using a proportional hazards regression. Forward stepwise model selection was applied to the potential covariates such as age, body mass index, mean arterial pressure, various lifestyle factors and present illness. RESULTS: The mortality rates per 1000 person years were 27.8 and 12.5 in men and women, respectively. In men, the fourth quartile of U-Cd (≥ 2.919 μg/g cre) showed a significant, positive HR (1.50, 95%CI: 1.11-2.02) for mortality compared to the first quartile (< 1.014). In women, the fourth quartile of U-Cd (≥ 3.943 μg/g cre) also showed a significant HR (1.50, 95%CI: 1.08-2.09) for mortality compared to the first quartile (< 1.140). CONCLUSION: The present study clarified that U-Cd was significantly associated with increased mortality, indicating the worsened life prognosis of the general population in Cd non-polluted areas in Japan. These results highlight the importance of further discussion of the health risk assessment of Cd exposure in the general population.
PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the dose-effect relationship between urinary cadmium (U-Cd as an index of internal Cd exposure) and mortality in a cohort of the Japanese general population. METHODS: A 19-year cohort study was conducted in 897 men and 1307 women who lived in two non-polluted areas in Japan. The subjects were categorized into four quartiles based on creatinine adjusted U-Cd (μg/g cre). Hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) of the quartiles of U-Cd for mortality was calculated using a proportional hazards regression. Forward stepwise model selection was applied to the potential covariates such as age, body mass index, mean arterial pressure, various lifestyle factors and present illness. RESULTS: The mortality rates per 1000 person years were 27.8 and 12.5 in men and women, respectively. In men, the fourth quartile of U-Cd (≥ 2.919 μg/g cre) showed a significant, positive HR (1.50, 95%CI: 1.11-2.02) for mortality compared to the first quartile (< 1.014). In women, the fourth quartile of U-Cd (≥ 3.943 μg/g cre) also showed a significant HR (1.50, 95%CI: 1.08-2.09) for mortality compared to the first quartile (< 1.140). CONCLUSION: The present study clarified that U-Cd was significantly associated with increased mortality, indicating the worsened life prognosis of the general population in Cd non-polluted areas in Japan. These results highlight the importance of further discussion of the health risk assessment of Cd exposure in the general population.
Authors: Kazuhiro Nogawa; Yasushi Suwazono; Yuuka Watanabe; Carl-Gustaf Elinder Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health Date: 2021-05-13 Impact factor: 3.390