Pleiotropic effects of the rho-kinase inhibitor fasudil after subarachnoid hemorrhage: a review of preclinical and clinical studies.

There is growing evidence that Rho-kinase contributes to cardiovascular disease, which has made Rho-kinase a target for the treatment of human diseases. To date, the only Rho-kinase inhibitor employed clinically in humans is fasudil, which has been used for the prevention of cerebral vasospasm and subsequent ischemic injury after surgery for subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). A number of pathological processes, in particular hemodynamic dysfunctions and inflammatory reactions, are thought to be related in the pathogenesis of delayed cerebral vasospasm and subsequent ischemic injury after SAH. This review focuses on fasudil's pleiotropic therapeutic effects: amelioration of hemodynamic dysfunction and inflammation, and discusses in detail the clinical studies on fasudil administered after the occurrence of SAH.