Laura Palagini1, A Piarulli2, D Menicucci3, E Cheli4, E Lai4, M Bergamasco2, M Mauri5, S D Kyle6, C A Espie7, A Gemignani8. 1. Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatric Unit, University of Pisa, Italy. Electronic address: l.palagini@ao-pisa.toscana.it. 2. PERCRO Lab, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy. 3. Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy. 4. Department of Surgery, Medical, Molecular & Critical Area Pathology, University of Pisa, Italy. 5. Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatric Unit, University of Pisa, Italy. 6. School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, UK. 7. Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences/Sleep & Circadian Neuroscience Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. 8. Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy; Department of Surgery, Medical, Molecular & Critical Area Pathology, University of Pisa, Italy; Extreme Centre, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To identify whether metacognitive aspects are a specific mental pattern of primary insomnia (PI) or an aspecific correlate of sleep alterations. METHODS: Sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: PSQI), anxiety (Self-rating Anxiety State: SAS), depression (Beck Depression Inventory: BDI) and metacognition (Metacognitions Questionnaire - Insomnia: MCQ-I) were evaluated in 24 PI patients, 13 snorers and 17 healthy controls. Rank-transformed PSQI, BDI, SAS and MCQ-I scores were submitted to one-way analysis of variance with group as a between-factor. PSQI was submitted to three-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with MCQ-I, BDI or SAS as covariate and group as a between-factor. Post-hoc analyses were conducted using pairwise comparisons with Sidak correction. RESULTS: As expected, PSQI scores significantly differentiated the three groups, one from another: PI had highest scores followed by snorers and healthy controls. PI subjects had MCQ-I scores significantly higher than those of snorers and healthy controls; no difference between the latter groups was found. The ANCOVA on PSQI with MCQ-I as a covariate abolished the difference in sleep quality between PI and snorers, whereas covarying for BDI or SAS left the differences in sleep quality between the groups unchanged. CONCLUSION: These preliminary results lead to two main conclusions: (i) metacognitive aspects are more prominent in PI when compared to snorers and healthy controls; (ii) MCQI shows higher sensitivity in defining PI patients, with respect to PSQI. If these findings are confirmed and expanded by further studies, the development of a specific metacognitive model of primary insomnia may be warranted.
OBJECTIVE: To identify whether metacognitive aspects are a specific mental pattern of primary insomnia (PI) or an aspecific correlate of sleep alterations. METHODS: Sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: PSQI), anxiety (Self-rating Anxiety State: SAS), depression (Beck Depression Inventory: BDI) and metacognition (Metacognitions Questionnaire - Insomnia: MCQ-I) were evaluated in 24 PI patients, 13 snorers and 17 healthy controls. Rank-transformed PSQI, BDI, SAS and MCQ-I scores were submitted to one-way analysis of variance with group as a between-factor. PSQI was submitted to three-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with MCQ-I, BDI or SAS as covariate and group as a between-factor. Post-hoc analyses were conducted using pairwise comparisons with Sidak correction. RESULTS: As expected, PSQI scores significantly differentiated the three groups, one from another: PI had highest scores followed by snorers and healthy controls. PI subjects had MCQ-I scores significantly higher than those of snorers and healthy controls; no difference between the latter groups was found. The ANCOVA on PSQI with MCQ-I as a covariate abolished the difference in sleep quality between PI and snorers, whereas covarying for BDI or SAS left the differences in sleep quality between the groups unchanged. CONCLUSION: These preliminary results lead to two main conclusions: (i) metacognitive aspects are more prominent in PI when compared to snorers and healthy controls; (ii) MCQI shows higher sensitivity in defining PI patients, with respect to PSQI. If these findings are confirmed and expanded by further studies, the development of a specific metacognitive model of primary insomnia may be warranted.
Authors: Md Dilshad Manzar; Ahmad H Alghadir; Masood Khan; Mohammed Salahuddin; Hamid Yimam Hassen; Ahmed M Almansour; Dejen Nureye; Eyob Tekalign; Showkat Ahmad Shah; Seithikurippu R Pandi-Perumal; Ahmed S Bahammam Journal: Front Psychiatry Date: 2022-05-10 Impact factor: 5.435