Novel pyrazolopyrimidine derivatives targeting COXs and iNOS enzymes; design, synthesis and biological evaluation as potential anti-inflammatory agents.

A novel set of 4-substituted-1-phenyl-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine and 5-substituted-1-phenyl-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-one derivatives were synthesized and evaluated as potential anti-inflammatory agents. The newly prepared compounds were assessed through the examination of their in vitro inhibition of four targets; cyclooxygenases subtypes (COX-1 and COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). Compounds 8a, 10c and 13c were the most potent and selective ligands against COX-2 with inhibition percentages of 79.6%, 78.7% and 78.9% at a concentration of 2 μM respectively, while compound 13c significantly inhibited both COX subtypes. On the other hand, fourteen compounds showed high iNOS inhibitory activities with IC50 values in the range of 0.22-8.5μM where the urea derivative 11 was the most active compound with IC50 value of 0.22 μM. Most of the tested compounds were found to be devoid of inhibitory activity against NF-kB. Moreover, almost all compounds were not cytotoxic, (up to 25 μg/ml), against a panel of normal and cancer cell lines. The in silico docking results were in agreement with the in vitro inhibitory activities against COXs and iNOS enzymes. The results of in vivo anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive studies were consistent with that of in vitro studies which confirmed that compounds 8a, 10c and 13c have significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities comparable to that of the control, ketorolac. Taken together, dual inhibition of COXs and iNOS with novel pyrazolopyrimidine derivatives is a valid strategy for the development of anti-inflammatory/analgesic agents with the probability of fewer side effects.