C H Shiboski1, H Chen2, M A Ghannoum3, L Komarow2, S Evans2, P K Mukherjee3, N Isham3, D Katzenstein4, A Asmelash5, A E Omozoarhe6, S Gengiah7, R Allen8, S Tripathy9, S Swindells10. 1. Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA. 2. Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. 3. Center for Medical Mycology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA. 4. Statistical Data Analysis Center, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. 5. Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California, USA. 6. Scottish Livingstone Hospital, Molepole, Botswana. 7. <label>**</label>Princess Marina Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana. 8. Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa. 9. AIDS Clinical Trial Group Operations Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA. 10. Molecular Virology Clinic National AIDS Research Institute, Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation, Bhosari, India.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between oral candidiasis and tuberculosis (TB) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected individuals in sub-Saharan Africa, and to investigate oral candidiasis as a potential tool for TB case finding. METHODS: Protocol A5253 was a cross-sectional study designed to improve the diagnosis of pulmonary TB in HIV-infected adults in high TB prevalence countries. Participants received an oral examination to detect oral candidiasis. We estimated the association between TB disease and oral candidiasis using logistic regression, and sensitivity, specificity and predictive values. RESULTS: Of 454 participants with TB culture results enrolled in African sites, the median age was 33 years, 71% were female and the median CD4 count was 257 cells/mm(3). Fifty-four (12%) had TB disease; the prevalence of oral candidiasis was significantly higher among TB cases (35%) than among non-TB cases (16%, P < 0.001). The odds of having TB was 2.4 times higher among those with oral candidiasis when controlling for CD4 count and antifungals (95%CI 1.2-4.7, P = 0.01). The sensitivity of oral candidiasis as a predictor of TB was 35% (95%CI 22-48) and the specificity 85% (95%CI 81-88). CONCLUSION: We found a strong association between oral candidiasis and TB disease, independent of CD4 count, suggesting that in resource-limited settings, oral candidiasis may provide clinical evidence for increased risk of TB and contribute to TB case finding.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between oral candidiasis and tuberculosis (TB) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected individuals in sub-Saharan Africa, and to investigate oral candidiasis as a potential tool for TB case finding. METHODS: Protocol A5253 was a cross-sectional study designed to improve the diagnosis of pulmonary TB in HIV-infected adults in high TB prevalence countries. Participants received an oral examination to detect oral candidiasis. We estimated the association between TB disease and oral candidiasis using logistic regression, and sensitivity, specificity and predictive values. RESULTS: Of 454 participants with TB culture results enrolled in African sites, the median age was 33 years, 71% were female and the median CD4 count was 257 cells/mm(3). Fifty-four (12%) had TB disease; the prevalence of oral candidiasis was significantly higher among TB cases (35%) than among non-TB cases (16%, P < 0.001). The odds of having TB was 2.4 times higher among those with oral candidiasis when controlling for CD4 count and antifungals (95%CI 1.2-4.7, P = 0.01). The sensitivity of oral candidiasis as a predictor of TB was 35% (95%CI 22-48) and the specificity 85% (95%CI 81-88). CONCLUSION: We found a strong association between oral candidiasis and TB disease, independent of CD4 count, suggesting that in resource-limited settings, oral candidiasis may provide clinical evidence for increased risk of TB and contribute to TB case finding.
Authors: C H Shiboski; L L Patton; J Y Webster-Cyriaque; D Greenspan; R S Traboulsi; M Ghannoum; R Jurevic; J A Phelan; D Reznik; J S Greenspan Journal: J Oral Pathol Med Date: 2009-07 Impact factor: 4.253
Authors: I B Lamster; M D Begg; D Mitchell-Lewis; J B Fine; J T Grbic; G G Todak; W el-Sadr; J M Gorman; J J Zambon; J A Phelan Journal: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Date: 1994-08
Authors: Pranab K Mukherjee; Huichao Chen; Lauren L Patton; Scott Evans; Anthony Lee; Johnstone Kumwenda; James Hakim; Gaerolwe Masheto; Frederick Sawe; Mai T Pho; Kenneth A Freedberg; Caroline H Shiboski; Mahmoud A Ghannoum; Robert A Salata Journal: AIDS Date: 2017-01-02 Impact factor: 4.177
Authors: Caroline H Shiboski; Huichao Chen; Rode Secours; Anthony Lee; Jennifer Webster-Cyriaque; Mahmoud Ghannoum; Scott Evans; Daphné Bernard; David Reznik; Dirk P Dittmer; Lara Hosey; Patrice Sévère; Judith A Aberg Journal: PLoS One Date: 2015-07-06 Impact factor: 3.240