Botulinum toxin A's expanding role in the management of pediatric lower urinary tract dysfunction.

Botulinum toxin A's (Onabotulinum toxin A - OnabotA) utility in the pediatric population is evolving, and is currently being used in the treatment of lower urinary tract dysfunction, both in children with neuropathic compromise, and non-neuropathic overactive bladders. The results of having OnabotA injected directly into the bladder wall cystoscopically are: a more compliant bladder with reduced bladder pressure, avoiding renal compromise and upper urinary tract deterioration; increased bladder capacity; and the ability for children to reach an improved degree of urinary continence through a minimally invasive approach. A growing body of research in patients with either neuropathic bladders or overactive bladders (OAB), have shown excellent results when looking at urodynamic parameters, patient satisfaction and improvement in symptomatology. One of the main indications for the use of OnabotA in children with neuropathic bladders is to delay or avoid the need for augmentation cystoplasty. By achieving the aforementioned results, some children can delay or avoid this more invasive and permanent procedure. Prospective studies are needed to answer questions regarding optimal dosage and frequency, ideal patient selection criteria and assessment of long-term outcomes and complications.